Transcript PowerPoint to accompany Hole`s Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 10
and 11
Nervous
System
Test
Preparation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..
Know the basic structure of a
neuron
Neurons are the structural and
functional units.
Neuroglial Cells surround the
neuron
Dendrites receive input
Axons (nerve fibers) carry
information away from the cell
as nerve impulses
Know the direction and function of
sensory and motor neurons.
What is efferent
and afferent?
Know the difference between the
structures, functions and divisions of
both the CNS and the PNS
Levels of Organization of the
NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS
(Brain and Spinal Chord)
(Interneurons)
PNS
(Cranial Nerves &
Spinal Nerves)
Sensory
(Input into CNS)
(Afferent Neurons)
Motor
(Output from CNS)
(Efferent Neurons)
Somatic
(Effectors: Skeletal Muscle)
(Conscious Control)
Parasympathetic
(Homeostasis)
(NT: Acetylcholine)
Autonomic
(Effectors: Smooth Muscle,
Cardiac Muscle, Glands)
(Unconscious Control)
Sympathetic
(Fight or Flight)
(NT: Norepinephrine)
Myelination of Axons
• Know how and why
certain neurons are
myelinated.
• Know what cell are
involved in
myelination.
• Know the structure
of a myelinated
neuron.
Classification of Neurons –
Functional Classification
Know the
three different
types of
neurons,
where they
work and how
they work.
Classification of Neuroglial Cells
•What is a neuroglial
cell?
•What are the 4 types of
neuroglial cells?
The Synapse
•Know the
structure and
basic functions
of a synapse.
•What are the
functions of
neurotransmitters?
•How and under what
circumstances are
they released?
Nerve Impulse
• What is RMP?
• What ions are involved?
• What is an all or nothing
response?
• What is hyperpolarization
and depolarization?
• What is summation?
• What is a refractory
period?
Synaptic Potentials
•What is an Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) and
what happens to the postsynaptic neuron?
•What is an Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) and what
happens to the postsynaptic neuron?
Meninges
•What are the 3
layers of the
meniges?
•What are the
locations and
characteristics of
each?
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Skin
Scalp
Subcutaneous tissue
Cranium
Bone of skull
Cerebrum
Dural sinus (superior
sagittal sinus)
Tentorium
cerebelli
Arachnoid
granulation
Dura mater
Cerebellum
Arachnoid
mater
Pia mater
Vertebra
Subarachnoid space
Spinal cord
Falx cerebri
Meninges
(a)
Meninges
Gray matter
White matter
(b)
12
Cerebrum
11.3: Ventricles
and Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Name the four (4)
ventricles
• What is there
basic function?
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lateral ventricle (2)
Interventricular
foramen
Third ventricle
Cerebral
aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
To central canal
of spinal cord
(a)
Interventricular
foramen
Lateral
ventricle
Third ventricle
Cerebral
aqueduct
Fourth
ventricle
13
(b)
To central canal
of spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Where
is it
secreted
•What is its
function?
•What happens to
excess CSF?
Arachnoid
Granulations
Or Villi
Choroid plexuses
of third ventricle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Blood-filled
dural sinus
Pia mater
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Choroid plexus of
fourth ventricle
Central canal of spinal cord
Pia mater
Subarachnoid space
Filum terminale
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
14
11.4: Spinal Cord
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Where
does it
begin and end?
•What are its basic
functions?
Brainstem
Foramen
magnum
Cervical
enlargement
Cervical
enlargement
Spinal cord
Vertebral
canal
Lumbar
enlargement
Lumbar
enlargement
Conus
medullaris
Cauda
equina
Conus
medullaris
Filum
terminale
15
(a)
(b)
Reflex Arcs
• Know
the two basic
types of reflex arcs.
Unipolar Neuron
16
12
Reflex Arcs
Usually same neuron (Unipolar)
17
General Components of a
Spinal Reflex
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Interneuron
Dorsal
1
Receptor
3
2
Sensory neuron
Cell body
of sensory
neuron
White matter
Gray matter
4
Ventral
Motor neuron
Central
canal
5
Effector
(muscle
or gland)
(b)
18
Patellar Reflex
• Example is the knee-jerk reflex
• Simple monosynaptic reflex (Simple Reflex)
• Helps maintain an upright posture & prevents overstretching
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Axon of sensory
neuron
Cell body of
sensory neuron
Spinal cord
Cell body of
motor neuron
Axon of motor
neuron
Direction of impulse
Effector (quadriceps femoris
muscle group)
Receptor associated with
dendrites of sensory neuron
Patella
Patellar Tendon
19
Withdrawal Reflex
• Prevents or limits tissue damage (sensory-association-motor)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cell body of sensory neuron
Axon of sensory neuron
Direction
of impulse
Dendrite of
sensory
neuron
Pain
receptor
in skin
Tack
Effector (flexor
muscle contracts
and withdraws part
being stimulated)
Interneuron
Axon of
motor neuron
Spinal cord
Cell body of
motor neuron
20
Crossed Extensor Reflex
•Contralateral (on the other side) reflex
•Maintain balance
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Interneuron
+
= Stimulation
–
= Inhibition
–
+
–
Sensory neuron
Extensor
relaxes
+
Extensor
contracts
Flexor
relaxes
Motor
neurons
Motor
neurons
Flexor contracts
21
17
Tracts of the Spinal Cord
• Know the difference between ascending and
descending tracts
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dorsal column
Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Lateral corticospinal tract
Lateral reticulospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Anterolateral
system
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Anterior spinothalamic tract
Anterior reticulospinal tract
Medial reticulospinal tract
Anterior
corticospinal
tract
22
Nervous System Subdivisions
23
11.6: Peripheral Nervous System
• Know
the difference between cranial
and spinal nerves and basic functions
24
Structure of a Peripheral Nerve
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fascicle
Peripheral nerve
Epineurium
Motor neuron ending
Axon
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Node of Ranvier
Schwann cell
Sensory receptor
Myelin sheath
Neurilemma
25
Nerve and Nerve Fiber
Classification
• Know
the difference between sensory,
motor and mixed nerves and the
direction of nerve impulse conduction.
26
Nerve Fiber Classification
•Know the basic difference between General and Special
fibers.
•Both efferent and afferent
•Somatic and visceral
27
Spinal Nerves
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Know that most spinal
nerves are mixed
•Know how many pairs
come form each region
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
T2
Posterior
view
Cervical
nerves
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
Thoracic
nerves
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
Cauda equina
L2
L3
L4
Lumbar
nerves
L5
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Co
Sacral
nerves
Coccygeal
nerve
28
Spinal Nerves
Know the basic
structures of
spinal nerves.
•What part of
the neuron
comprises
each?
•
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dorsal root
Dorsal root
ganglion
Dorsal branch
of spinal nerve
Ventral branch
of spinal nerve
Ventral root
Dorsal root
Paravertebral
ganglion
Posterior
median sulcus
Posterior
horn
Visceral branch
of spinal nerve
(b)
Lateral horn
Ventral branch
of spinal nerve (ventral ramus)
Anterior
horn
Central
canal
Dorsal branch
of spinal nerve (dorsal ramus)
Anterior
median
fissure
Paravertebral
ganglion
Ventral root
Spinal nerve
Visceral branch
of spinal nerve
(a)
29
Dermatome
• What is Dermatome?
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C2
C3
C4
C5
T1
T1
C8
C6
T1
T12
L1
T12
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
C0
L1
S2
C6
C7
L2
S3
L3
L5
L1
L2
L4
C8
L3
L5
S1
L4
L5
(a)
(b)
30
Nerve Plexuses
• Know
the 3 nerve plexuses and where they
innervate.
31
Plexuses
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Posterior view
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Phrenic nerve
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
Cervical plexus
(C1–C4)
Brachial plexus
(C5–T1)
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
Intercostal
nerves
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
Cauda equina
L1
L2
L3
L4
Lumbosacral plexus
(T12–S5)
Femoral
nerve
L5
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Obturator nerve
Co
Sciatic nerve
32
11.5: Brain
•What are the major functions of the brain?
•What are the 4 major parts of the brain?
•What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?
•What three structures make up the
brainstem?
33
Structure of the Cerebrum
• Be able to
name the basic
structure of the
cerebrum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Gyrus
Sulcus
Frontal lobe
Lateral sulcus
Occipital lobe
Transverse
fissure
Cerebellar
hemisphere
Temporal lobe
(a)
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Central sulcus
Longitudinal
fissure
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
(b)
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
Insula
Retracted
temporal lobe
(c)
34
Lobes of the Cerebrum
• Five (5) lobes bilaterally:
• Frontal lobe
• Parietal lobe
• Temporal lobe
• Occipital lobe
• Insula
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
Insula
Retracted
temporal lobe
(c)
35
Functional Regions of the
Cerebral Cortex
• What
is the cerebral cortex?
•What is the basic function of each lobe?
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Central sulcus
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Frontal eye field
Parietal lobe
Auditory area
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Front lobe
Occipital lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Combining
visual images,
visual recognition
of objects
Lateral sulcus
Visual area
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Cerebellum
36
Temporal lobe
Brainstem
Functions of the Cerebral Lobes
37
Sensory Areas
(post-central sulcus)
• Cutaneous sensory area
• Sensory area for taste
• Parietal lobe
• Interprets sensations on
skin
• Visual area
• Occipital lobe
• Interprets vision
• Near base of the central
sulcus
• Sensory area for smell
• Arises from centers deep
within the cerebrum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Central sulcus
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Frontal eye field
Parietal lobe
Auditory area
• Auditory area
• Temporal lobe
• Interprets hearing
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Front lobe
Occipital lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Combining
visual images,
visual recognition
of objects
Lateral sulcus
Visual area
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Cerebellum
Temporal lobe
Brainstem
38
Association Areas
• What
are association areas?
•What is the basic function of each?
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Central sulcus
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Frontal eye field
Parietal lobe
Auditory area
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Front lobe
Occipital lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Combining
visual images,
visual recognition
of objects
Lateral sulcus
Visual area
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Cerebellum
Temporal lobe
Brainstem
39
Association Areas
• Frontal lobe association areas • Temporal lobe association areas
• Concentrating
• Interpret complex sensory
• Planning
experiences
• Complex problem solving
• Store memories of visual scenes,
music, and complex patterns
• Parietal lobe association areas
• Occipital lobe association areas
• Understanding speech
• Analyze and combine visual
• Choosing words to express
images with other sensory
thought
experiences
40
Hemisphere Dominance
•What is the dominant hemisphere in
most humans?
•What does the dominant and
dominant sides of the brain control?
41
Memory
• What is the basic differences
between short and long term
memory?
42
Brainstem
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Know the three
structure of
the brainstem
and the
functions that
make them
unique.
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Corpora
quadrigemina
Midbrain
Cerebral
aqueduct
Pons
Reticular
formation
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord
43
Types of Sleep
• What
are the major differences
between the two types of sleep?
44
Cerebellum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• What
is the
cerebellum?
•What are its major
functions?
Longitudinal
fissure
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Superior peduncle
Pons
Middle peduncle
Inferior peduncle
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
45
Major Parts of the Brain
46
Cranial Nerves
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory (I)
Olfactory tract
Optic (II)
Optic tract
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Trigeminal (V)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Abducens (VI)
Hypoglossal (XII)
Facial (VII)
Vagus (X)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Accessory (XI)
47
Functions of Cranial Nerves
48
Sympathetic Division
• Fight or Flight
49
Parasympathetic Division
• Rest and Digest
50