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The
human
brain
Atkins Peter
1940- Chemist
Acetylcholine : a neurotransmitter that
plays an important role in attention,
learning, and memory.
Amygdala : a part of the limbic system
always alert to threats.
Axon : the long branch of a nerve cell
that transmits information to other
cells.
Anterior commissure : is a bundle of
nerve fibers (white matter) of nerve
cells connecting the two cerebral
hemispheres.
Bell Alexander
1847/1922
Scientist, engineer
Brain : the part of the central nervous
system enclosed in the cranium of humans
and other vertebrates, consisting of a soft,
convoluted mass of grey and white matter
and serving to control and coordinate the
mental and physical actions.
Brainstem : is the posterior part of the brain
which includes the medulla oblongata, pons
and midbrain.
Broca’s Area: named after the French surgeon
and
anthropologist
Paul
Broca,
who
discovered this area of the brain, Broca's
Area is located in the frontal lobe of the
brain and acts as the speech centre.
Although there are other areas of the brain
that also influence speech (Wernicke's Area
and the motor cortex), Broca's Area is
considered the central component.
Curie Marie
1867/1934
Physicist, chemist
Cerebellum: the part of the brain
controls voluntary muscle movements.
that
Cerebral cortex: the outer
matter of the brain.
grey
layer
of
Cerebrum: the largest and most complex
portion of the brain. It controls thought,
learning, and many other complex activities.
It is divided into the left and the right
cerebral hemispheres that are joined by
corpus callosum which communicates between
hemispheres.
Cranium: the top of the skull. It protects the
brain. The cranium and the facial bones form
the skull.
Cerebrospinal: fluid, it is a liquid found within
the ventricles of the brain and the central
canal of the spinal cord.
Corpus callosum: is a wide, flat bundle of
neural fibers beneath the cortex in the
eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It
connects the left and right cerebral
hemispheres and facilitates inter-hemispheric
communication.
Cortical Homunculus: a cortical homunculus is
a pictorial representation of the anatomical
divisions of the primary motor cortex and
the primary sensorial cortex.
Dotti Andrea
1938/2007
Psychiatrist
Dura mater: a tough translucent membrane
that protects the brain and spinal cord.
Dendrites: the branchial structure of a neuron
that receives messages.
Diencephalon: is the region of the embryonic
vertebrate neural tube that gives rise to
posterior forebrain structures. It is made up
of four distinct components: 1. thalamus 2.
sub thalamus, 3. hypothalamus, and 4.
epithalamus.
Einstein Albert
1879/1955
Physicist
Epithalamus: its function is the connection of
the limbic system to other parts of the
brain.
Freud Simund
1856/1939
Psychoanalyst
Frontal Lobe one of the four subdivisions of
the cerebral cortex. The frontal lobe has a
role in controlling movement and in the
planning and coordinating of behaviour.
Giovanni Guglielmini
1763/1817
Physicist
Ganglion: an encapsulated collection of nervecell bodies, usually located outside the brain
and spinal cord.
Grey Matter: portions of the brain that are
grey in colour because they are composed
mainly of neural cell bodies, rather than
myelinated nerve fibers, which are white.
Growth Cone: A distinctive structure at the
growing end of most axons. It is the site
where new material is added to the axon.
Heinrich Herzt
1857/1894
Physicist
Hypothalamus: a complex brain structure
composed of many nuclei with various
functions, including regulating the activities
of internal organs, monitoring information
from the autonomic nervous system,
controlling
the
pituitary
gland,
and
regulating sleep and appetite.
Hippocampus: a seahorse-shaped structure
located within the brain and considered an
important part of the limbic system. One
of the most studied areas of the brain, it is
involved in learning, memory, and emotions.
Issel Arturo
1842/1922
Scientist
Interneuron: a neuron that exclusively signals
another neuron.
Levi Montalcini Rita
1909/2012
Neurologist
Limbic System: the part of the brain
bordering on the corpus callosum: concerned
with basic emotion, hunger, and sex.
Marconi Guglielmo
1874/1937
Engineer
Medulla: part of the brain stem important
for
breathing,
respiration
and
other
behaviours.
Meninges: the three membranes that envelop
the brain and the spinal cord.
Motor Neuron: a neuron that carries
information from the central nervous system
to muscle.
Myelin Sheath: compact fatty material that
surrounds and insulates the axons of some
neurons and accelerates the transmission of
electrical signals.
Newton Isaac
1642/1727
Physicist
Nerve: any of the cordlike bundles of fibers
that conduct sensory or motor impulses
between the brain or spinal cord and
another part of the body.
Neurotransmitter: a chemical messenger that
brain cells use to communicate with one
another.
Neuron: a nerve cell specialized for the
transmission
of
information
and
characterized by long, fibrous projections
called
axons
and
shorter,
branchlike
projections called dendrites.
Node of Ranvier:
segment of an axon.
short
unmyelinated
Oort Jan
1900/1992
Astronomer
Occipital Lobe: one of the four subdivisions of
the cerebral cortex. The occipital lobe plays
a role in processing visual information.
Pasteur Louis
1822/1895
Chemist
Parietal Lobe: one of the four subdivisions of
the cerebral cortex. The parietal lobe plays
a role in sensory processes, attention, and
language.
Photoreceptor: a nerve ending, cell, or group
of cells specialized to sense or receive light.
Ryle Martin
1918/1984
Astronomer
Retina: membrane in the eye that contains
light-sensitive cells.
Smith William
1769/1839
Geologist
Spinal
Cord:
The
extension of the brain
through the vertebral
column that primarily
functions to facilitate
communication between
the brain and the rest
of the body.
Sympathetic
Nervous
System: a branch of
the autonomic nervous
system responsible for
mobilizing the body's
energy and resources
during times of stress
and arousal.
Synapse: the point at which a nerve impulse
is relayed from the terminal portion of an
axon to the dendrites of an adjacent
neuron.
Thompson Benjamin
1753/1814
Physicist
Temporal Lobe: one of the four major
subdivisions of each hemisphere of the
cerebral cortex. The temporal lobe functions
in auditory perception, speech, and complex
visual perceptions.
Thalamus: a structure consisting of two egg-shaped
masses of nerve tissue, deep within the brain. The
key relay station for sensory information flowing
into the brain, the thalamus filters out
information of particular importance from the
mass of signals entering the brain.
Weinberg Steven
1933 - Physicist
White Matter: the part of the brain that
contains myelinated nerve fibers. The white
matter gets its colour from myelin, the
insulation covering nerve fibers.
Wernicke's Area: a portion of the left
posterior temporal lobe of the brain,
involved in the ability to understand words.
UDA SCIENCE
English Project: «The Human Brain»
Students: Marino Laura, Pepe Sara, Luca Cicconetti,
Leonardo Marinucci, Emanuele D'Antonio
Class: III A
Liceo Scientifico Statale «G. Galilei»
Pescara
A.S. 2013/2014
English teacher: prof.ssa Miscia Roberta