Transcript Models of Psychopathology - California State University

Models of Psychopathology
Unidimensional Models
– One Cause of a Disorder
Multidimensional Models
– Multiple, Linear Causes
– Diathesis-Stress Model
Reciprocal Models
– Reciprocal Gene-Environmental Model
Fig. 2-2, p. 38
Fig. 2-1, p. 33
Biological Factors
Neuronal Structure and Function
Brain Structure and Function
Nervous System Structure
– Fight or Flight Reaction
Neurons
Structure of Neurons
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Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Axon terminals
Synapses
Electrochemical Communication
– Action Potential
– Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmission
How SSRIs Work
Neurons
Function of Neurotransmitters
(and Medication)
Agonists, Antagonists, Inverse Agonists
Serotonin (Many, SSRIs)
– Widespread, esp. in cortex
Behavior, mood, thought
GABA (Benzodiazepines)
– Anxiety and stress reduction
– Muscle relaxation
– Reduced arousal and emotion (increased passivity)
Function of Neurotransmitters
(and Medication) (2)
Norepinephrine (Autonomic Functions)
– aka noradrenaline
– Indirect effects
Dopamine
– Overlap with Serotonin Circuits
– Motor behavior
Exploratory, Pleasure-Seeking
– Schizophrenia (too much)
– Parkinson’s Disease (too little)
Divisions of the Brain
Hindbrain
– Medulla – Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
– Pons – Regulates sleep stages
– Cerebellum – Involved in physical coordination
Midbrain
– Coordinates movement with sensory input
– Contains parts of the reticular activating system
(RAS)
Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
– Location of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive
processing
– Two hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Frontal
– Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory
Parietal
– Touch recognition
Occipital
– Integrates visual input
Temporal
– Recognition of sights and sounds and long-term
memory storage
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
The Endocrine System
Hormones
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical
Axis (HYPAC axis)
– Integration of endocrine and nervous system
function
Implications (cont.)
Causal Connection?
– Experience Can Change Brain Structure and
Function
– Medications and Psychotherapy Can Change
Brain Structure and Function
– “Filling Fallacy” and “Aspirin Analogy”
Cavities caused by lack of metal in tooth
Headache caused by lack of aspirin
– Beware of the typical assumption
Psychological Factors
Behavioral Models
– Learned (reinforced/punished) Behavior
Cognitive Models
– Faulty Thought Processes (e.g., attributions)
Social Learning Theory
– Observational Learning
Psychoanalytic Theory
– Unconscious causes
Developmental Factors
Age and expectations
Erikson’s Theory
Adjusting to Transitions
Social Factors
Interpersonal Relationships
– Social Support
Familial Factors
– Beyond genetics
Siocioeconomic
– Impact of poverty
– Some issues unrelated to SES
Cultural Factors
Norms, Beliefs, Expectations
– Influence the form and expression of normal
and abnormal behavior
Culture-bound Syndromes
Amok, Koro, Witiko, Hikikomori , Latah
Anorexia Nervosa
Gender Effects
– Powerful, but unclear effects