The Biological Bases of Behavior
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Transcript The Biological Bases of Behavior
Biology and Behavior
Unit 2
Chapter 3
Neuron Diagram
Neurotransmitters and Behavior
Acetylcholine
motor neurons and voluntary
muscles
contributes to attention,
arousal and memory
GABA
responsible for inhibition in
central nervous system
regulates anxiety and
modulates sleep
Monoamines
Dopamine, norepinephrine,
serotonin
controls voluntary movements
abnormal levels contribute to
psychological disorders
Endorphins
contributes to modulation of
pain
The Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous
System
responsible for voluntary
movement
carry information in skin,
muscles, joints to CNS
and from CNS to muscles
Autonomic Nervous
System
controls automatic,
involuntary visceral
functions
mediates physiological
arousal (emotions)
Fight-or- flight response
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic
mobilizes body’s
resources for
emergencies
fight-or-flight response
releases hormones
activation slows digestion
and drains blood from
periphery
Parasympathetic
conserves bodily
resources
slow HR, reduce BP
activates processes that
allow the body to save
and store energy
Central Nervous System
lies within the skull and spinal column
Brain and spinal cord
protected by meninges and cerebrospinal
fluid
The Spinal Cord
connects brain to body
carries brain’s
commands to peripheral
nerves
relays sensations from
periphery of body to
brain
transmits signals from
brain to motor neurons
to move body’s muscles
The Brain
The Hindbrain
Medulla
attached to spinal
cord
controls unconscious
functions
Pons
bridge of fibers
connecting brainstem
to cerebellum
circulating blood,
breathing
coordination of
movement and sense
of equilibrium
clusters of cell bodies
controlling sleep and
arousal
The Midbrain
lies between the
hindbrain and forebrain
integrates sensory
processes
hearing + vision
reticular formation
contributes to muscle
reflexes, breathing, pain
perception, and arousal
The Forebrain
Thalamus
composed of somas
relays all sensory
information except smell
Hypothalamus
controls autonomic nervous
system
links brain and endocrine
system
regulates basic biological
drives
Limbic system
regulates emotion,
memory and motivation
hippocampus + memory
Cerebrum
responsible for complex
mental activities
learning, thinking,
remembering
The Cerebrum
Occipital lobe
back of the head
primary visual cortex
receives and processes
visual information
Parietal Lobe
forward of occipital lobe
primary somatosensory
cortex registers sense of
touch
Temporal Lobe
below parietal lobe
primary auditory cortex
devoted to auditory
processing
Frontal Lobe
largest lobe at front
primary motor cortex
controls muscle
movement
Right Brain/Left Brain:
Cerebral Laterality
Unit 2
Chapter 3
Right Hemisphere
Nonverbal processing
Intuitive
follow “gut feeling”
Thoughtful
spatial, musical, visual
recognition tasks
sense others feelings
Imaginative
creating images
Left Hemisphere
Verbal processing
Logical
decisions based on
facts
Analytical
language, speech,
reading, writing
follow fine details
Memory
processing symbols
Bisecting the Brain
Each hemisphere’s primary connections
are to the opposite side of the body
L hemisphere = R hand
R hemisphere = L hand
Both eyes and ears deliver information to
both hemispheres
Auditory input stronger/ more immediate for
opposite hemisphere
Handedness
the hand that performs faster or more
precisely on manual tests
the hand that one prefers to use,
regardless of performance
either left or right
either right or non-right
ambidexterity
Brain lateralization & Handedness
handedness was opposite from the
specialized hemisphere
majority of left-handers also seem to have a
left-hemispheric brain specialization
genetic factors, brain injury
Problem Solving Tasks
Males
rely heavily on left
brain
solve problems step
by step
Females
greater access to
right brain
focus on more than
one problem at a time
The Endocrine System
Unit 2
Chapter 3
Endocrine System: Another Way to
Communicate
consists of glands that secrete hormones
into the bloodstream that help control
bodily functions
digestion
blood pressure regulation
pulsatile- released several times/day in
brief bursts or pulses that last only
minutes