Transcript The Biological Bases of Behavior

The Biological Bases of
Behavior
Chapter 3
Biological Bases of Behavior
Students will explore the structure and function of the nervous system in human and non-human animals
and describe the interaction between biological factors and experience. Students will also describe and
discuss methods and issues related to biological advances.
Nervous Tissue: The Basic
Hardware

NEURONS
receive information

@ dendrites
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GLIA
support neurons
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transmit information
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along axon
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integrate information
through synapse

nourish
remove waste
products
provide insulation
account for 50% of
brain’s volume
P.11 Identify the parts of the
neuron and describe the basic
process of neural transmission
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUGuWh2UeMk
Neuron Diagram
P.11 Identify the parts of the neuron and describe the
basic process of neural transmission
Neuron Parts


Soma
 Cell body
 Contains nucleus

Myelin Sheath
 Provides insulation
 Speeds up
transmission of
information
Terminal Buttons
 Found at the ends of axons
 Secrete neurotransmitters
P.11 Identify the parts of the neuron and describe the basic
process of neural transmission
Neurotransmitters and Behavior
Acetylcholine
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muscle movement
contributes to attention,
arousal and memory
Monoamines
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Dopamine, norepinephrine,
serotonin
control voluntary movements
abnormal levels contribute to
psychological disorders
GABA
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responsible for inhibition in
central nervous system
regulates anxiety and
modulates sleep
Endorphins

contributes to modulation of
pain
P.16 Describe how hormones affect behavior and mental processes.
The Nervous Systems
PERIPHERAL
CENTRAL
Brain
Spinal Cord
Autonomic
Parasympathetic
Somatic
Sympathetic
The Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous
System
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responsible for voluntary
movement
carry information in skin,
muscles, joints to CNS
and from CNS to muscles
Autonomic Nervous
System
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controls automatic,
involuntary functions
mediates physiological
arousal (emotions)
Fight-or- flight response
P.10 Identify the major divisions
and subdivisions of the human
nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic

Fight-or-Flight response

mobilizes body’s resources
for emergencies
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Slows digestion, drains blood
from periphery
releases hormones
(adrenaline)
Parasympathetic
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Rest and Renew

restores bodily resources
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slow HR, reduce BP
allows the body to save
and store energy
P.10 Identify the major divisions
and subdivisions of the human
nervous system
Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord


lies within the skull and spinal column
Protected by cerebrospinal fluid
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.
The Spinal Cord

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connects brain to body
carries brain’s
commands to PNS
relays sensations
transmits signals from
brain to motor neurons
(ACh) to move body’s
muscles
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various
parts of the central nervous system.
PERIPHERAL
The Brain
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.
The Hindbrain
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
Medulla
attached to spinal
cord
controls vital
unconscious functions

circulating blood,
breathing
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Pons
clusters of cell bodies
controlling sleep and
arousal
bridge of fibers
connecting brainstem
to cerebellum
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coordination of
movement and sense
of equilibrium
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and
functions of the various parts of the central nervous
system.
The Midbrain
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lies between the
hindbrain and forebrain
integrates sensory
processes
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hearing + vision
reticular formation
contributes to muscle
reflexes, pain perception,
and sleep/arousal
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.
The Forebrain
Thalamus
 composed of somas
 relays all sensory
information except smell
Hypothalamus
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controls autonomic nervous
system
regulates basic biological
drives
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and
functions of the various parts of the central nervous
system.
Limbic system
 regulates emotion,
memory and motivation
 hippocampus = memory
 amygdala = aggression
Cerebrum
 responsible for complex
mental activities

learning, thinking,
remembering
The Cerebrum
Occipital lobe
 back of the head
 primary visual cortex
receives and processes
visual information
Parietal Lobe
 forward of occipital lobe
 primary somatosensory
cortex registers sense of
touch
Temporal Lobe
 below parietal lobe
 primary auditory cortex
devoted to auditory
processing
Frontal Lobe
 largest lobe at front
 primary motor cortex
controls muscle
movement
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.
Right Brain/Left Brain:
Cerebral Laterality
Chapter 3
P.12 Differentiate between the structures and functions of the various parts of the central nervous system.
P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions
P.22 Describe advances made in neuroscience and discuss issues related to scientific advances in neuroscience.
Right Hemisphere
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Nonverbal processing
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Intuitive
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follow “gut feeling”
Thoughtful
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spatial, musical, visual
recognition tasks
sense others feelings
Imaginative
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creating images
P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions
Left Hemisphere
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Verbal processing
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Logical
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decisions based on
facts
Analytical
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language, speech,
reading, writing
follow fine details
Memory
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processing symbols
P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions
Split Brain Research
•
Study of patients with severed corpus
callosum.
•
•
•
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Involves sending messages to only one side
of the brain.
Demonstrates right and left brain
specialization
P.21 Identify tools used to study
the nervous system
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGwsAdS9Dc
Split Brain Research
P.22 Describe advances made in neuroscience and discuss issues related to scientific advances in
neuroscience
Bisecting the Brain
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Each hemisphere’s primary
connections are to the
opposite side of the body
 L hemisphere = R hand
 R hemisphere = L hand
Both eyes and ears deliver
information to both
hemispheres
 Auditory input stronger/
more immediate for
opposite hemisphere
P.13 Describe lateralization of
brain functions
Split Brain Simulation
Partnerships
Jesus
Savanna
1.
Jackson
Angela
2.
Christian
Delaney
Hunter
Sarah Williams
Deshun
Jasmine
Jibri
Alexandria
Ben
Searra
Brett
Nate Hooper
Sam
Autumn
Anthony
Sara Stephens
Weston
Sarah Holcomb
3.
4.
Sit next to your partner
Outside arms should go
behind your back.
Arms closest to your
partner should cross
each other.
Work together to
complete the tasks I call
out.
P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions.
Can you determine whether the left or right
hemisphere of the brain is dominant?
Procedure
Think about two of your friends or family members.
1.
Compare them in terms of the areas they seem to be most adept
at
2.

Ex: mathematics, logical thinking, musical ability, art, speech, etc.
Record your observations in a two column chart
3.
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include 8-10 for each person
Analysis
1.
Based on your observations, which hemisphere seems to be
dominant in each individual? Why?
Ticket out the Door
1.
2.
3.
Name a specialty for the left hemisphere
of the brain.
What is split brain research?
Which hemisphere controls the right side
of the body?
Handedness

the hand that performs faster or more
precisely on manual tasks


the hand that one prefers to use, regardless
of performance
handedness is typically opposite from the
specialized hemisphere

majority of left-handers also seem to have a
left-hemispheric brain specialization
P.13 Describe lateralization of brain functions.
Problem Solving Tasks

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Males
rely heavily on left
brain
solve problems step
by step
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
Females
greater access to
right brain
focus on more than
one problem at a time
The Endocrine System
Unit 2
Chapter 3
P.15 Describe how the endocrine glands are linked to the nervous system.
Endocrine System: Another Way to
Communicate

consists of glands that secrete hormones
into the bloodstream that help control
bodily functions

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digestion
blood pressure regulation
pulsatile- released several times/day in
brief bursts or pulses that last only
minutes
P.15 Describe how the endocrine glands are linked to the nervous system.