Transcript Central Nervous System

Neurotransmitters
• 4 major Categories
1) ACh
2) Amino Acids
3) Biogenic Amines
4) Neuropeptides
1) ACh
C.N.S.
Somatic N.S.
Autonomic N.S.
- Parasympathetic
- Sympathetic
2) Amino Acids
Glutamate (aspartame)
GABA (glycine)
3) Biogenic Amines
Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (E)
Dopamine
Seratonin (5-HT)
4) Neuropeptides
Substance P
Enkephalins and  Endorphins
• Central Nervous System
– Brain
– Spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
– Autonomic N.S.
– Somatic N.S.
Divisions of the Brain
1. Cerebrum
2. Diencephalon
3. Midbrain
4. Cerebellum
5. Pons
6. Medulla Oblongata
Central Nervous System: The Brain
Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Occipital
Lobe
Temporal
Lobe
Functions of the Cerebrum
In General - our conscious mind enables us to:
Be aware of ourselves and sensations.
Initiate and control voluntary movements.
Cerebrum has 5 Lobes
Frontal Lobe - memory, behavior, personality, movement.
Parietal Lobe - somatic sensory perception.
Temporal Lobe - auditory and olfactory perception.
Occipital Lobe - visual perception.
Insula Lobe - visceral perception.
Cerebral Lobes
Homunculus - Motor and Sensory
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Broca’s area
Wernike’s area
Hearing
words
Seeing
words
Speaking
words
Thinking
• The Limbic System = “emotional brain”
e.g., Cingulate gyrus
Allows us to shift between thoughts.
Interprets pain as unpleasant.
e.g., Amygdala
Detects menacing glances from others.
Emotional recognition of faces.
 Diencephalon
= 1) Epithalamus, 2) Thalamus and 3) Hypothalamus
1) Epithalamus
- Includes the pineal gland (body).
Secretes hormone melatonin, under
influence of the hypothalamus.
2) Thalamus
* Makes up 80% of
the diencephalon.
* Act as the “gateway”
to cerebral cortex.
3) Hypothalamus
Main visceral control center of the body
Regulates
body
temperature
Regulates
circadian
rhythms
Processes
olfaction and
feeding reflexes
Hypothalamus
Functions include the following:
1. Regulation of body temperature
2. Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations
3. Regulation of sleep-wake cycles
4. Control of the autonomic nervous system
5. Control of the endocrine system
Control
of
behavior
Control of
emotional
responses

Midbrain
• Cranial Reflexes
e.g., visual and auditory reflexes.

The Cerebellum
Folia
Functions of Cerebellum
1) Controls Postural Reflexes:
- coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments of
muscles in body to maintain equilibrium.
2) Produces Skilled Movements:
- implements routines for fine tuned movements.
Refines learned skills (e.g. driving, playing
an instrument) until the action becomes routine.
The Brain Stem
Midbrain,
Pons,
and
Medulla
Oblongata
 Pons
* Contains the pontine
respiratory centers.

Medulla Oblongata
Vital Centers in the MO include:
1. Cardiac Control Center
2. Vasomotor Center
3. Respiratory Center (Medullary)
* Also contains the centers for hiccupping,
sneezing, swallowing, vomiting and coughing
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Peripheral Nervous System
• Somatic N.S.
Skeletal
Muscle
• Autonomic N.S.
Parasympathetic
Division
Sympathetic
Division
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Central Nervous System
One motor neuron to a single effector tissue:
skeletal
muscle
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Two motor neurons to many effector tissues:
cardiac
smooth
glands
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
One Motor Neuron to Effector Tissue
skeletal
muscle
Effector Tissue is Skeletal Muscle
Neurotransmitter is ACh (released from somatic motor neurons)
Receptors are Nicotinic (response is always excitatory)
Control is Voluntary (except reflexes)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Two Motor Neurons to Effector Tissue
cardiac
smooth
glands
Effector Tissue is Cardiac and Smooth Muscle and Glands
Neurotransmitters are ACh and NE
(released from autonomic neurons)
Parasympathetic:
Receptors are Nicotinic and Muscarinic
Sympathetic:
Receptors are Alpha () and Beta ()
Control is Involuntary (except biofeedback)