Transcript Chapter 2
Lobes of the Brain Left and Right Brain Structures in the Brain Vocab & More.. LET’S GET READY TO STUDY The Neuron Genetics The Endocrine System Nervous System Messages Go in here Messages Go out here Click the Yellow dots = where neurotransmitters can be affected Axon Terminal Synaptic Vessicles Neurotransmitter Receptor Sites Dendrite Melatonin— Wake/Sleep Parathormone— Calcium and phosphate in blood Vasopresin—Blood pressure Oxytosin—Contractions Responsible for growth Thyroxin--Metabolism Insulin/Glucagon—blood sugar levels Endorphins--Stress See if you can remember which glands are which— Take a guess, the box to see if you’re right— Estrogen—Sexual desireclick and on development then wait 5 seconds and be reminded of its hormone and purpose Androgen—Sexual desire and development Click on the lobes to learn what each does Click here to see another diagram of the lobes FRONTAL LOBE: Most anterior, right under the forehead. Functions: •How we know what we are doing within our environment (Consciousness). • How we initiate activity in response to our environment. •Judgments we make about what occurs in our daily activities. •Controls our emotional response. •Controls our expressive language. •Assigns meaning to the words we choose. Involves word associations. •Memory for habits and motor activities. Observed Problems: •Loss of simple movement of various body parts (Paralysis). •Inability to plan a sequence of complex movements needed to complete multi-stepped tasks, such as making coffee (Sequencing). •Loss of spontaneity in interacting with others. •Loss of flexibility in thinking. •Persistence of a single thought (Perseveration). •Inability to focus on task (Attending). Mood changes (Emotionally Labile). •Changes in social behavior. •Changes in personality. •Difficulty with problem solving. •Inablility to express language (Broca's Aphasia). Back to lobes PARIETAL LOBE near the back and top of the head. Functions: •Location for visual attention. •Location for touch perception. •Goal directed voluntary movements. •Manipulation of objects. •Integration of different senses that allows for understanding a single concept. Observed Problems: •Inability to attend to more than one object at a time. •Inability to name an object (Anomia). •Inability to locate the words for writing (Agraphia). •Problems with reading (Alexia). Difficulty with drawing objects. •Difficulty in distinguishing left from right. •Difficulty with doing mathematics (Dyscalculia). •Lack of awareness of certain body parts and/or surrounding space (Apraxia) that leads to difficulties in self-care. •Inability to focus visual attention. •Difficulties with eye and hand coordination. Back to lobes OCCIPITAL LOBE Most posterior, at the back of the head. Functions: •Vision Observed Problems: Defects in vision (Visual Field Cuts). Difficulty with locating objects in environment. Difficulty with identifying colors (Color Agnosia). Production of hallucinations Visual illusions - inaccurately seeing objects. Word blindness - inability to recognize words. Difficulty in recognizing drawn objects. Inability to recognize the movement of an object (Movement Agnosia). Difficulties with reading and writing. Back to lobes TEMPORAL LOBE Side of head above ears. Functions: Hearing ability Memory aquisition Some visual perceptions Catagorization of objects. Observed Problems: Difficulty in recognizing faces (Prosopagnosia). Difficulty in understanding spoken words (Wernicke's Aphasia). Disturbance with selective attention to what we see and hear. Difficulty with identification of, and verbalization about objects. Short-term memory loss. Interference with long-term memory Increased or decreased interest in sexual behavior. Inability to catagorize objects (Catagorization). Right lobe damage can cause persistant talking. Increased aggressive behavior. Back to lobes Go to next slide to see if you can remember what each structure does Thalamus Major relay center, regulates higher brain center Hypothalamus Motivation, emotion, stress reactions Hippocampus Form new memories Amygdala Form new memories Pons Regulation of sleep-wake cycle Medula Sensory and motor nerves crossover Pituitary Gland controlling blood pressure and growth Cerebral Cortex The outer surface, regulates most complex behaviors Corpus Collossum Connects the left and right cerebral cortexes Cerebellum Reflexes, balance and coordinates movement Click on a Lobe •The Human DNA consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes •Each chromosome consists of genes that control the transmission of traits. •Genes can be Dominant or Recessive. •The only way for a recessive gene to present itself is to be paired with another recessive gene. Studying Animals and Genes Strain studies involve inbreeding to create a strain of animal very closely related genetically. They are then compared to other strains to track the effects of genes Selection studies estimate the heritability of a trait by breeding animals with others who have the same trait. Studying Humans and Genes Family Studies—studies family genetics and occurance of traits Twin Studies—studies the influence of heredity on genetic copies Adoption Studies—studies the nature vs. nurture debate What is the probability of producing an offspring with BROWN eyes? What is the probability of producing an offspring with BLUE eyes? Sympathetic: Branch of the autonomic nervous system which prepares the body for quick action in an emergency Parasympathetic: Branch of the autonomic nervous system which calms and relaxes the body Endocrine: Gland system in the body that release hormones into the bloodstream Somatic Nervous System: Peripheral nervous system that carries messages from the senses to the central nervous system and to the skeletal muscles. Autonomic Nervous System: Peripheral nervous system that carries messages from central nervous system to the internal organs. MAKE SURE YOU COMPLETE YOUR BRAIN CAP FOR THE TEST AND BRING IT ON TEST DAY!!! Click here for the Prentice Hall link to Chapter 2 information http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_ph_intropsych_1/0,1283 1,3898128-content,oo.utf8.html STUDY ADDITIONAL VIEWING MATERIAL: Alcoholism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_51H_TfhCjU Autonomic n. s. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFYRosjcVuU Brain and synapses http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UukcdU258A Left/right brain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxSmOOaXrHk Endocrine http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_Z1zsR9lFM Go back to main menu to continue to review Chapter 2