Transcript www.ocf.berkeley.edu

Survey of Current Neuroengineering
Research
Cochlear Implant
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Direct Electrical
Stimulation of
Auditory Nerve
Microphone, Signal
Processor,
Transmission Line,
Electrode Array
http://www.utdallas.ed
u/~loizou/cimplants/tu
torial/
Electrical Stimulation of Pleasure
Centers
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Rats: Willing to go to great lengths to obtain
pleasure
Implant in hypothalamus in rats, for cancer
patients, the cortex
Humans: General pleasure, anxiety relief,
approval of situation, positive change in mood,
euphoria
Not well-studied
Ratbot
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State University of NY
research 2002: Sanjiv
Talwar
Whisker response
stimulated
Rats behave contrary to
instinct
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Still not reliable
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Potential is boundless
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Dirt cheap: ~$40
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Robo-Roach
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University of Tokyo
micro-robotics team 2002
Wings removed under
CO2 anesthisia, backpack
added, electrodes
implanted in antennae
Direct muscular control,
not pleasure conditioning
Big money: $5 million
gov't grant for researchers
Still crude
Monkey Telekinesis
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Duke, MIT Touch Lab 2000
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96-electrode array implanted into cortex, including muscle cortex
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Output of several individual neurons recorded as monkey
performed hand motions
Signal analysis done via computer Fourier analysis and neural
network simulation
Computer analysis was able to effectively predict trajectory of
hand motions (large groups of neurons coordinating)
Signal patterns transmitted over internet to remote lab, where they
controlled a robotic arm in real-time
Neuroelectric Brain-Computer
Interfacing
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NASA-approved (work done at Ames, actually)
Problem: Astronauts cannot easily utilize traditional earth
devices in orbit (like a keyboard, when you're on EVA)
Attempts to use EEG / EMG sensing of a human to control
external devices
2001: External armband placed over forearm detected
muscular nerve signals, enabling pilot to land a simulated
damaged 757 by simulating piloting
Not like a power glove
Alpha wave Brain-Computer
Interfacing
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Traditionally, EEG used to detect brain electrical
wave output, but this requires preparation and is
extremely sensitive to disruption
Alternative devices are external helmets/skincaps
Biofeedback used to train users to the device but
takes a long time. Stimulus-response is easier
Eventually, “telepathy” can be used to control,
well, anything (computer glasses)
IBVA Technologies, Mindswitch.com.au, sell
overpriced devices as a development platform
Kevin Warwick
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Professor of Cybernetics, U.
of Reading 2002
Implant #1 was lame radio
transmitter
Implant #2 in wrist interfaces
with nervous system by means
of 100-electrode array and
nerves in the forearm
Artificial sensation generated
Control of artificial prosthesis
enabled
Signal output recorded
Neurotrophic Electrode
Artificial Vision: Method 1
Artificial Vision: Method Two
Artificial Hippocampus