Transcript 4. Regulation- The Endocrine System

4. RegulationThe Endocrine &
Nervous System
• Most of the time the endocrine
and nervous systems work
together to maintain
homeostasis within the body.
--The endocrine system is the
collection of glands, which
secrete hormones that regulate
metabolism, growth and
development, sexual function,
reproduction, sleep and mood,
among other things.
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4GikWwQ
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Major Glands of the Endocrine system:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovaries/Testes
Hypothalamus
• It is the portion of the
brain that connects the
endocrine and nervous
systems.
-- Receives messages
from other areas of the
brain and from internal
organs.
Pituitary gland
• Master gland of body
• When change in homeostasis is detected,
the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary
gland.
-- Pituitary gland is located beneath the
hypothalamus; it releases its own chemicals
or stimulate other glands to release them.
-- Exs)
– thyroid stimulating hormone
– growth hormone (Somatotropin)
– Lutenizing (LH)- causes ovulation
– ICSH- causes testes to secrete
testosterone
– Melanocyte stimulating- distribution of
melanin in skin
– ADH- antidiuretic hormone
• Defects from pituitary gland:
• Giantism- over secretion of
somatotropin before puberty
• Dwarfism- under secretion of
somatotropin. Cause: tumor,
injury, infection, genetics
• Diabetes insipidus- decreased
ADH
Thyroid- produces
hormones that control
metabolism and
calcium in blood.
• Thyroid gland must
have any source of
iodine
Defects of thyroid gland:
– goiter- not enough
iodine
– hyperthyroidism
– hypothyroidism
Adrenal glands
• Located just above the
kidney
• Secretes many
hormones
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
• Many steroid
hormones, inc estrogen
and androgens.
Pancreas• Pancreatic juices into
the intestine
• secretes insulin, a
hormone that
transports glucose into
cells.
• Also secretes glucagonincreases glucose in
bloodstream
• Defects:
Diabetes (already talked
about)
Nervous System
• Functions:
• Internal Control
• Communicate with
environment and all
cells of the body
• Maintain homeostasis!
http://www.5min.com/Video/Learn-about-The-Brain-and-Central-Nervous-System-117566656
Nervous System
• Organs/Structures
– The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron,
or nerve cell.
– Neurons- conduct impulses throughout the
nervous system
– Neurons have 3 regions:
• Dendrites=branchlike, receives impulses
• Axon= carries impulses away from cell and towards other
neurons, muscles or glands
• Cell Body= main cell
Connections between Neurons
• Neurons don’t actually touch.
• A space called a Synapse lies between the
dendrite and axon.
• Chemicals called Neurotransmitters travel
across the synaptic space where they lock
onto receptors.
Nervous System
• Neurons fall into 3 Categories:
1. Sensory neurons- from body to spinal cord and brain
2. Interneurons- brain and spinal cord. Processes
impulses and respond by sending impulses onto
motor neurons
3. Motor Neurons- carry response away from brain and
spinal cord to a muscle or gland
Ex) Tapping someone on the shoulder. What happens?
F. Nervous System
• Myelin Sheath- insulates the
axon helping speed up
nerve impulses
• Central Nervous System
(CNS)- Brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)- all the nerves that
branch off the spinal cord
Anatomy of the brain
• Brain= control center for
the entire nervous
system.
-- Divided into 3 sections:
• 1) Cerebrum
• 2)Cerebellum
• 3) Brain stem
Anatomy of the brain
• Cerebrum- 2 hemispheres connected by bundles of nerves.
Outer surface is cerebral cortex, which increases surface area.
----intelligence, memory, language, skeletal muscle
movement, senses controlled by this.
• Cerebellum- Back of brain; controls your balance, posture and
coordination.
• Brain Stem- made up of:
– medulla oblongata- controls involuntary activities such as breathing
and heart rate.
– Pons- & midbrain- act as pathways connecting various parts of the
brain with each other.
Scientific Left Handed Facts
•Make up between 5% and 10% of the population (depending on who you ask)
•More likely to have allergies
•More prone to migraines
•More likely to be insomniacs
•More likely to be on extreme poles of the
intelligence scale
•Tend to reach puberty 4 to 5 months later than
right handers
•Twice as likely to be a man
•Better at 3D perception and thinking
•Better at multi-tasking
•Live on average 9 years less than right handed
people
•Draw figures facing to the right
•Recover from strokes faster
•More likely to pursue creative careers
•Of the seven most recent U.S
Presidents, 4 have been left handed
•Left handed college graduates go on to
become 26% richer than right handed
graduates
•On a QWERTY keyboard there are 1447
English words typed solely with the left
hand, whilst only 187 are typed with the
right hand.
Injury/Diseases of the Nervous System
• Multiple Sclerosis- myelin sheath surround
nerve in the brain and spinal cord are
damaged
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgySDmRRzxY
• Spinal Cord Injury- loss of functions as
mobility of feeling
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGUAyKQKmmY&feature=PlayList&p=8189B80F2B3C3DDF&playnext_from=PL&playn
ext=1&index=1
• Trauma- car accidents, gunshot, falls, etc