Transcript How and why did Italy become the first Fascist state?

April 9, 2012

 Journal: Define totalitarianism and describe how
WWI lead to such radical changes in Russia.
 Today’s question: What were the characteristics of a
Fascist state? How and why did Italy become the first
Fascist state?
Big Idea: Radical change often occurs during times of
economic, social and political turmoil.
Essential Question: Why did radical new governments
come to power in Europe after WWI, and what were
the effects on the citizens of these countries?
Quick question….

 What countries would you consider to be “losers” of
WWI? Would any country on the Allied side fit this
description?
Countries with new, radical
governments (1917-1939)

 Russia (Communism)
 Germany (Fascism)
 Italy (Fascism)
Russia moves towards
Communism…..
• Economic theory that begins to gain acceptance during
Industrial Revolution
• Focus on the good of society as a whole. Believed
capitalism only served few & created gap between rich
and poor
• Means of production shared by all people
• $, factories, resources, land
• Equal distribution of wealth, profit was not primary
objective
• Set the stage for Communism of the 20th Century.
Socialism
• 1818: Born in Trier, Prussia (Now Germany)
• Attended Berlin University, introduced to writings of
G.W.F. Hegel and group of his followers
• Theory of evolving process of history
• 1842-45: Bounces around Europe
• Becomes editor of Liberal Newspapers & Journals- Get him
in trouble with authorities
• Introduced to socialists, begins attending meetings
• Sees working-class struggles and poverty
• Meets Friedrich Engels, son of a wealthy factory owner
Karl Marx
• 1848: Marx & Engels publish The Communist Manifesto
• Communism: A form of socialism that sees class struggle
between employers and employees as unavoidable
• Goal: Take away the power to buy the labor of others by
having collective ownership over means of production
The Communist Manifesto
• All history is the history of class struggles
• Economic conditions are what drives change & moves
history forward (Materialist)
• Each period of history is divided by constantly clashing
economic/social classes
• Ruling class (Haves) vs. Ruled class (Have-nots)
• Ruling: Own means of production & make $ from labor of
others
• Ruled: Exploited by ruling class for economic gain
Marx’s Theory on Human History
• Communism would end of the cycle of human history.
•
•
•
•
1.Pre-history; People shared things
2.Ancient society; distinct class appear, Slave vs. Owner
3.Feudal Society; Lords vs. Serfs
4.Bourgeois (Capitalist) Society;
• Bourgeoisie (capitalists) vs. Proletariat (workers)
• 5. Communist Society (Marx’s final stage);
• No social/economic classes
• End of history, full development of human existence
Marx’s 5 Periods of
Human History
• Violent revolution inevitable -- Workers have nothing to
lose
• Must occur first in fully-industrialized country
• “Dictatorship of Proletariat” = Period where people are
educated to work cooperatively
• Eventually government disappears.
How does Marx see
Communism taking over ?
So, why did it
happen in Russia?
Lenin & New Russian Flag
Russian Civil War
• 1922: Communist’s produce Constitution
• Mix democracy with socialism
• Means of production go to workers & peasants
• United most of old Russian Empire
• U.S.S.R aka Soviet Union
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
• Used army & secret police as enforcement
Lenin’s Russia
Map of U.S.S.R
Lenin’s Death: 1924
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEASIT9oOWM
• 1924: Lenin dies of stroke*
• Trotsky vs. Stalin
• Joseph Stalin “Man of Steel”: Ex-Convict & Bolshevik
Secretary
• Leon Trotsky: Leader of Bolshevik Army (Red) in Civil
War
• Supported worldwide revolution
• 1929: Fled Russia
1940: Murdered in Mexico
Trotsky vs. Stalin
Totalitarianism

Totalitarian Governments;
1. Single-party dictatorship
2. State control of economy
3.Use of constant fear/terror (Police spies, concentration
camps….)
 4. Strict censorship and government control of media
 5. Use of schools & media to indoctrinate citizens
 6. Unquestioning obedience to a single leader




 Nationalism: A strong sense of pride in one’s
country/nation*.
 People who share a common history, culture
Governments in WWII

Allies
 United States
(Democracy)
 France (Democracy)
Axis Powers
 Germany (FascistTotalitarian)
 Great Britain (Democracy)
 Italy (FascistTotalitarian)
 Soviet Union
(Communist-Totalitarian)
 Japan (Ultra-nationalist
Democracy)
Today’s activity

 In order to get a better idea of what Fascism actually
was, we will start by looking at Italy, where the term
originated.
 Take about 15 minutes to read section 30-3 and
complete the handout.
 Work by yourself or with a partner
April 10, 2012

 Go back to your journal and answer yesterday’s
questions: What were the characteristics of a Fascist
state? How and why did Italy become the first Fascist
state?
 Or, if you prefer:
 Knock Knock
 Who’s there?
 Mussolini
 How and why did he get there? Hahahaha
Today’s lesson

 Today’s question: How did Hitler rise to power in
Germany? Why were people originally willing to support
him?
 Today we will:
 Analyze the problems faced by the Weimar Republic
(Germany)
 Explain the conditions in Germany that allowed for
the rise of Hitler.
Adolf Hitler

 1919: Joined small extremist Nazi party& quickly
becomes leader
 Organized fighting squads: “Storm Troopers”
 Attempted “Beer Hall Putsch” – sent to jail & wrote
Mein Kampf
 Extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism & antiCommunist
 Germany must expand under a great leader (Fuhrer)
Treaty of Versailles

 War guilt clause hurt nationalism
 $$$Heavy reparations economic disaster
 Couldn’t pay France occupy coal-rich Ruhr Valley
 Workers strike
 Government prints $$ INFLATION!!!
Weak Government

 Weimar Republic- Parliament lead by Chancellor
- Many small parties in Parliament including
Communist and Nazi
 Blamed for signing Versailles Treaty
 German Jews as scapegoats for hard times
 Political leaders feared Communism- Hitler was
alternative
Great Depression

 1929: Global Economic Collapse
 Revived memories
 Unemployment Nazi membership growth
 Remembered Hitler’s promise: end reparations, create jobs, re-arm
Germany
 People willing to give up personal freedoms for stability
 1924: 3%
1932: 33%- controlled parliament
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQwH2tpuCxc
Groups & Journal

 A: Megan, Peter, Jin, Lauren, Sara
 B: Nicole C, Kyon, Grace, Amanda, Chris
 C: Tyler, Sarah K, Mike, Nicole S, Sean
 D: Kurt, Patrycja, Heather, Noah, Neha
 E: Josh, Evan, Nicole L, Ashley, Dmitriy
 Use what you learned yesterday to answer the
essential question; How did Hitler rise to power in
Germany? Why were people originally willing to support
him?
April 11, 2012

 Today’s essential question; How did Hitler maintain
power & support in Germany while leading the country
into WWII?
Today’s Activity

 Today, you will be working together to analyze the
policies of the German government (Third Reich) that
helped Hitler to maintain power after 1933.
 First, work in your reading groups to determine the key
ideas from your text & how this policy helped Hitler
maintain his power.
 Next, we will mix members from each group. Each of
you will be responsible for teaching the members of your
new group about your information.
 In the end, everyone should have a similar-looking
organizer to help them answer today’s essential question.
Triumph of the Will

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cSheuzEij8
April 13, 2012

 Use what you’ve learned over the last two lessons to
answer the essential question.
 How did Hitler maintain power & support in Germany
while leading the country into WWII?
 List the Nazi policies we’ve discussed and provide
an explanation for how each contributed to Hitler’s
power in Germany.
Activity

 Once you’ve finished your quiz, take one of the two
assignments.
 1. Read primary source quotes and answer
questions.
 2. Read the article and create a timeline detailing the
actions taken by Italy and Germany in the 1930’s and
the international reactions to what they were doing.
April 23, 2012: Use your homework to explain the
meaning of this political cartoon drawn by Dr. Seuss
(Yes, I am aware that this is not a question).

Appeasement

Giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order
to keep the peace.
 Pacifism: Opposition to all war.
Axis Powers Look to
Expand

 Japanese ultra-nationalists seek empire
 1931: Invade Manchuria (China), withdraw from
League of Nations
 1937: Japanese conquer areas of Eastern China
 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia- Addis Ababa
 King Haile Selassie appeals to L.O.N, ineffective
 1935-1939: Germany violates Treaty of Versailles
 Re-arm, Conquest Rhineland, Sudetenland (area of
Czechoslovakia), Czechoslovakia
 Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
German Expansion

Group Activity

 Read your article, and note the main points on your
graphic organizer
 Once everyone in your group has finished, teach one
another about your topic and complete the rest of the
organizer.
April 24, 2012

Yesterday’s essential question: How did Hitler
implement his radical ideas of race/anti-Semitism
into German society leading into WW2?
Today’s essential question: Summarize the
international scene leading into Hitler’s invasion
of Poland
Important Events
Leading to WW2

 Anschluss: Union of Germany and Austria in 1938
 Czechoslovakia 1 of 2 Democracies in Eastern Europe
 France & GB unwilling to risk war
 Sept. 1938; Munich Conference- “Peace for our time”
declared by British Prime Minister Chamberlain
 August 1939; Nazi-Soviet Pact
 Stalin promised parts of Poland
Spanish Civil War

 Important although Spanish did not fight in WW2
 Popular Front vs. National Front
 Popular- Communists, socialists, republicans
 National- Nationalists etc.
 Popular: Protected by Socialist/Communist countries
 USSR/Stalin
 National: Lead by general Francisco Franco
 Helped by Germany & Italy
April 26, 2012

 Today’s essential question: Summarize WWII before
U.S. entry. (Once again, not a question)
Hitler Invades Poland

 Sept. 1, 1939
 Germany from West, Soviet Union from East
 Blitzkrieg: “Lightning War”
 Nazi bombing plan
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIsQBgvcaeA

New Technology

Air Power
More effective bombs, submarines etc.
Radar- Detect airplanes
Sonar- Detect Subs
Medical advances to treat wounds
Early Axis Victories
(1940-41)

 April, 1940: Hitler launches Blitzkrieg, takesNorway
& Denmark
 June 22, 1940: France surrenders (EARLY)
 Germany & Italy surround Paris
 Force French to sign surrender in same railroad car as
Germany signed WWI Armistice (Revenge, anyone?)
 France split; Germany occupies North, puppet govt. in
South (Vichy-capital)
 1941: Greece & Yugoslavia taken
 Bulgaria & Hungary join Axis Alliance.

Hitler slips up…

 Operation Barbarossa- Hitler’s plan to conquer Soviet
Union
 Stalin unprepared- Great Purge wiped out officers
 Russian soldiers destroyed own factories & burned
crops while retreating
 “General Winter”- German forces unprepared for
Russian winter, many freeze to death
 British Prime Minister Winston Churchill agrees to
help defend Russia

April 27, 2012

 Do now: Yesterday’s essential statement: Summarize
WWII before U.S. entry in 25 words or less.
 Today’s essential question: What were U.S.-Japan
relations like before Pearl Harbor? What were the goals of
the two countries?
The U.S. 1939-41

 President Franklin Roosevelt (FDR)
 Originally declared neutrality- Public Support
 Early 1941: Congress passes Lend-Lease Act
 Lend materials to Allies
 August 1941: Atlantic Charter
 FDR & Churchill (British Prime Minister)
 Set final goals for Post-War World
 “Permanent system of general security”
Four Policemen Idea

Japan 1931-41

 Overall goal: To create Asian Empire
 1930’s: Begins campaign to conquer China
 Emperor Hirohito
 Economically dependent- Few natural resources
 Wanted European areas of Asia
 China & French Indochina (Now Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
 1940: U.S. stops supplying materials
 Negotiations fail
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=it3nIEcpClw
Pearl Harbor

 December 7, 1941
 Japanese destroy U.S. ships, grounded planes & kill
2,400
 President FDR-“A date which will live in infamy”
 U.S. declares war on Japan, Germany & Italy declare
war on U.S.
 Early months: Japanese gain Euro/American
possessions in Asia
 “Co-Prosperity Sphere”

Total War

 Allied economies directed toward war effort
 Factories ordered to make war materials
 Goods rationed
 Ended depression era
 Women played big role
 Took men’s jobs in factories & offices
 Served in armed forces: Driving ambulances/trucks,
decoding messages, fighting in resistance efforts
The Big Three

 Stalin, FDR, Winston Churchill
 Strategy: Finish war in Europe before paying
attention to Asia
1942-44: Major turning points
toward Allied Victory

 Nov.1942: El Alamein, Egypt North AfricaItaly
 1943: Mussolini overthrown
 New government signs armistice, loyalists still fight
 Aug.1942 - Jan. 1943: Stalingrad, Soviet Union
 Germans lose 300,000
 Soviets go on offensive
 June 6, 1944: D-Day
 Allied forces invade Normandy, France
 France freed from German occupation
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPU4p7UQOtU
Major Allied Victories
1942-1944

The End in Europe

 Jan. 1945: Battle of the Bulge
 Last Axis “Victory”
 Mussolini executed
 Hitler commits suicide
 May 8, 1945: V-E Day
War in the Pacific

 Lead by U.S. General Douglas MacArthur
 Island Hopping: Allied strategy of capturing Japanese
islands on route to Japan
 Midway, Iwo Jima
 Kamikaze: Japanese pilots who undertook suicide
missions

Japanese Internment

 In U.S. & Canada, citizens of Japanese descent seen
as security risks
 Similar situation with Germans in England
 lost civil rights, jobs, and property
 Many forced into internment camps
 Reparations paid in 1980’s
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BJjo0BCbGo