Transcript World War II - Ray-Pec AP World History

World War II
Rise of Japan
• Review:
– 1853: Japan opened to outside trade
– 1868 Mutsuhito (Meiji) comes to throne and
modernizes
– 1894-1895 Japan attacks and defeats China
• Sino-Japanese War
– 1904-1905 Japan attacks and defeats Russia
• Russo-Japanese War
• Annexes Korea
• First time an Asian nation defeated a Western or European
nation
• Japan is lone Asian great power
During World War I
• Obtained German holdings in Pacific Islands,
Southeast Asia, and China
• Later obtained a permanent seat in League of
Nations Council
Rise of Militarism
• 1930s: Weakened by depression
– Silk trade (the main export) collapsed – hurt
farmers
• But price of rice went up
• Many left for other countries (e. g. the United States)
– Weaknesses in gov’t (weak parliament,
corruption, communist party) led to attempted
coups
• Allowed the military to gain more power
Rise of Totalitarianism
• Totalitarianism – Gov’t (led by dictator)
controlled every aspect of life
– Examples: Hitler and National Socialism (Nazi),
Josef Stalin and Soviet Communism
U.S.S.R.
• Lenin instituted NEP
– Step toward capitalism
• Lenin died 1924
– Power vacuum
– Stalin (from Georgia) won 1929
Stalinist Russia
• Joseph Stalin
– Revered Lenin
• Cult of Personalities
– Revolution from above
• Force heavy industry
• Collectivization of Agriculture
– Merge all farms into state run farms
– Dekulakization
• Purges
– Use of terror
» End counterrevolutionaries
– Get rid of old Bolsheviks
» Stalin rewrote history with himself as hero
» Left only yes-men
– Purge army
– Sent people to gulags
– Marxism?
Rise of Fascism
• Fascism (coined by Benito Mussolini)
– Nation is driving force
– No individualism (or human rights)
– Violence is revered
– Ultra nationalism
– Antithesis of classical liberalism
Rise of Fascism
• Italy
– Broken from WWI
– Socialist movement
– Mussolini
• Black shirts
– March on Rome
– Given Prime Minister
» Il Duce
• Tried to build Italian Empire
– Invaded Ethiopia
Spain
• Francisco Franco
– Became dictator
• Suppressed culture
– Spanish Civil War
• As Hitler was building up, he supported and tested
tactics against Spanish Republicans
Rise of Fascism
• Germany
– National Socialism – Nazism
– Weimar Republic (formed at end of WWI)
• Problems
–
–
–
–
Many parties
Blamed for Versailles Treaty
Jews became scapegoats
Runaway inflation
» Reparations
• Americans help with reparations
– Until Great Depression
– Hitler
• Formed Brown Shirts (Stormtroopers)
• 1923 failed coup
– Wrote Mein Kampf in prison
» Aryans
» Jews have no state
» Lebensraum
» Germany needs to be powerful
• Needs a dictator
• Hitler campaigns
– Great Depression caused 40% unemployment
• 1932: Nazis were largest party in parliament
– Communists 2nd
• 1933 Became Chancellor (to stamp out communism)
– Dismantled constitution
» Sole dictator Der Führer
• 1934
– Purged party
» Wanted to owe nothing
– Gestapo
• Became totalitarian
– Stamped out culture
– Spread anti-Semitism
– Hitler Youth
• “A bomber aircraft on take-off carries 12
dozen bombs, each weighing 10 kilos. The
aircraft takes off for Warsaw the
international centre for Jewry. It bombs the
town. On take-off with all bombs on board
and a fuel tank containing 100 kilos of fuel,
the aircraft weighed about 8 tons. When it
returns from the crusade, there are still 230
kilos left. What is the weight of the aircraft
when empty ?"
Beginning of WWII
• Hitler dismantled Treaty of Versailles
– Stopped reparations
– Built up army
– League of Nations was weak
• Policy of Appeasement
• Hitler got all Ethnic Germans together
– Austria and Sudetenland
• 1938 Conference at Munich
– Neville Chamberlain
• 1939 Hitler took Czechoslovakia
• 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact
– Soviets stay out of war
• Carve up Eastern Europe
• Hitler invaded Poland (4 weeks)
– Western powers declare war
• 6 months to mobilize – “phony war”
• Hitler took Belgium, Netherlands, and France in a
few weeks (June 1940)
– Puppet gov’t set up in Vichy, France
• Bombed Britain
– British developed radar (so Hitler turned east)
• 1941 Turned on U.S.S.R. (goal all along—lots
of commies and Jews)
– June 22 – Operation Barbarossa
• Almost got to Moscow
• Besieged Leningrad
• Turning point at Stalingrad
• Dec 7,1941 Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
– Japanese expanding and tried to knock out only
power that could stop them
Holocaust
• Racial Purity
• First: expel Jews to an island (not feasible)
– Revoked citizenship
– Sent them to ghettos and labor (concentration)
camps
• Final Solution
– Extermination
• Labor camps  death camps (Auschwitz)
Allies
• 1942 Soviet Union doing the suffering
– Stalin wanted invasion of France
– Churchill went to North Africa first (British Empire)
– Churchill then went to Italy (Communists)
• 1944 Allies finally Invade France
– D-Day June 6, 1944
• Beginning of the end of war
• Clear that Germany would lose
– Russians were marching toward Berlin
• V-E Day May 8, 1945
Plans for Recovery
• 1943 Big Three Met in Tehran
– Churchill, Stalin, FDR
– Laid out plans of invading
Germany
• February 1945 Yalta
– Stalin had upper hand
• Got control of Eastern Europe with
“Democratic” elections
• Germany divided into Four
occupation zones
• Stalin wanted all Russian POWs
sent home
• Japan was a matter of the
United States
– USSR would join when Germany
was defeated
• Potsdam July 1945 (By now: Truman is president)
– U.S. and G.B. tried to force Stalin to allow fair
elections in Eastern Europe
• Would have taken a war
• United Nations formed
– June 1945
– More effective
• U.S. and U.S.S.R joined
Recovery
• Massive economic disaster
– Marshall Plan
• Americans to rescue
• Gave aid, not loans
– You had to cooperate
– Eastern Europe refused by Soviet Bloc
» Western Countries benefitted a lot
• Wanted Western Europe to be thriving democracies
– And markets
• Hirohito: Emperor of Japan
The Pacific Theater
• Japan was very democratic as of 1922
– High standard of living
– Industrialization led to major conglomerates (zaibatsu)
• Powerful firms led to corrupt gov’t
• Ultranationalism emerged
– Violently anti-western, big business, democracy, Marx
• Blamed for destruction of older superior Japanese practices
• Revived old ways (samurai code, divinity of emperor
• “Asia for the Asians”
• Great depression hit
– Ultra-nationalists blamed system, people believed
it
• New markets needed; Rise of nationalism in
China
– Incident created and Manchuria invaded 1931
• Left League of Nations
• 1937, invasion of China
– Quickly took Beijing
– Took capital, Nanjing, and major atrocities were
committed.
• “Rape of Nanjing”
– Japan held coast, but Chinese Nationalists and
Communists fought on
Expansion
• Empire not self sufficient
• 1940 – Alliance with Germany and Italy
– Used French and British vulnerability to invade SE
Asia
• US applied sanctions (cut off scrap metal, oil, and froze
Japanese assets)
– War inevitable
• December 1941 – Pearl Harbor
• Defeated Dutch and British armies to seize
Hong Kong and Southeast Asia
– Also took Philippines in 1942
Pacific Theater
• Turning point Coral Sea and Midway
• Island hopping
– Take Philippines
– Iwo Jima
– Okinawa
• Instead of invading Japan, Truman dropped
Atomic Bomb (Hiroshima Aug 6, 1945;
Nagasaki Aug 9, 1945)
– Save lives?
– Show Soviet Union what they had?
• V-J Day August 14, 1945
Since WWII
• Allies (the U.S. occupied Japan)
– Clean house of connections to the old regime
• Favored liberals and wrote constitution
– Keep emperor in place (figurehead)
Since WWII
• Japan was a major ally when China became
communist 1949
• Became independent 1952
• Complete recovery
– Consumer culture (“Coca-Colonization”)
– Industry