Transcript WWII PowerPoint - Aurora City Schools

World War II
1939-1945
Section 1
HITLER’S LIGHTNING WAR
Causes of WWII:
Hitler’s plan to “NAB” the rest of Europe
• N: non-aggression pact- secret pact
where Stalin and Hitler agreed to divide
Poland and that the USSR could take
over Finland and Lithuania, Latvia,
and Estonia (former Russian territories)
Causes of WWII:
Hitler’s plan to “NAB” the rest of Europe
• A: appeasement-Hitler
continued to demand more
and more land because the
Allies continued to appease
him. This strengthened his
power and prestige,
convinced Mussolini to seek
an alliance with Germany.
• Gave into Hitler’s demands
for the Sudetenland
Causes of WWII
Hitler’s plan to “NAB” the rest of Europe
• B: Blitzkrieg- “lightening war”,
involves using fast-moving
airplanes and tanks, followed
by massive infantry forces to
take enemy by surprise.
• Effective in Poland.
• September 1, 1939. Hitler invades
Poland after the Nazi-Soviet NonAggression Pact is signed.
• This is the spark that begins WWII
• France and Great Britain finally
realized that Hitler could not be
stopped without going to war. In
reaction to the invasion, France and
Great Britain declared war on
Germany.
Teams and Coaches
• Axis Powers
• Germany-Adolf
Hitler
• Italy-Benito
Mussolini
• Japan-Emperor
Hirohito
• Allied Powers
• Britain-Winston
Churchill
• France-Charles de
Gaulle
• Soviet Union- Joseph
Stalin
• United States-FDR
Theater vs. Theater
• European
• Mostly land
battles, thousands
of tanks
• Harsh winters
• Many prisoners of
war taken
• Pacific
• Sea and air battles
with close range fire
fights
• Jungles/tropical
climate
• Japanese culture did
not respect surrender
• Japanese culture
valued the benefit of
the nation over
individual life
Battle of Dunkirk
• Hitler distracts France in the
Netherlands and sends a larger
force through the Ardennes
squeezing around the Maginot
Line
• Series of fortifications
• Allies retreated to the beaches of
Dunkirk (French Port). They were
trapped with their backs to the
English Channel.
• Royal Navy ships along with
civilian crafts sailed back and forth
across the English Channel,
rescuing 338,000 soldiers.
Considered to be one of the most
heroic acts of the war.
Battle of France
• North – German occupation
by Nazi military
• South – Vichy France. French
military commander, Henri
Petain establishes a puppet
government controlled by the
Nazi’s.
• Vichy France collaborates with
Nazi’s to fight Allies in N. Africa
and deport Jews to concentration
camps
• Free French Government –
General Charles De Gaulle
flees France and establishes
the French resistance and
assists the Allies in defeating
Germany
Battle of Britain
• German Luftwaffe(Air Force)
began bombing British cities.
Despite heavy losses Britain
remained strong. The Royal
Airforce (RAF) were
outnumbered but fought back
• Aided by new technology:
• Radar
• Enigma (broke German code )
• Stunned by British resistance
Hitler called off attacks to focus
on Mediterranean
• *Taught the Allies that Hitler’s
attacks could be blocked*
Battle of Tobruk
•Allied forces advanced from inside Egypt to central Libya, captured
115,000 Italian prisoners, and destroyed thousands of tanks, artillery
pieces, and aircraft, while suffering very few casualties.
•This caused Hitler to sent his best tank force, the Afrika Corps led by
Erwin Rommel. (nickname Desert Fox)
•Rommel pushed the Allies back across the desert and Seized Tobruk,
which was a shattering loss for the Allies.
Operation Barbarossa
•Hitler’s plan to invade the Soviet
Union- Blitzkrieg
•Soviets were unprepared for this
attack, they had the biggest army in the
world, but they were poorly trained and
poorly equipped
•Russians retreat 500 miles, employing
the scorched-earth strategy
•Hitler’s mistakes:
•Splits his army when 20 miles outside of
Moscow. Sends part of Army to
Leningrad and Part to Stalingrad
•Plans to defeat Russians in 6 weeks – not
prepared to fight in the winter
Siege of Leningrad
• Germans cut Leningrad off
from rest of USSR
• Determined to starve them
out, 1 million people died
but city refused to
surrender
• Similar to Napoleon’s
experience-gained nothing,
lost many lives (nearly 1
mill) unprepared for harsh
winters
Section 2
JAPAN’S PACIFIC
CAMPAIGN
Japan Expands
Japan and the U.S.
• Japan develops plan for attacks
on European colonies, U.S. bases
• October 1940 Americans crack
Japanese codes about their desire
to take over Southeastern Asia
• In July 1941 Roosevelt cuts off oil
shipments to Japan when they
overrun French Indochina
• Admiral Isoroku Yamamato
plans attack on U.S. fleet in
Hawaii
Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor
Day of Infamy
• Japan attacks Pearl Harbor—
U.S. naval base in Hawaii—on
Dec. 7, 1941
• Sunk or damaged 19 ships (8
battleships), 2,300 killed, 1,100
wounded
• U.S. declares war on Japan
the next day
• Japan also attacks Hong Kong,
Guam, Wake Island, and Thailand
Philippine Islands
• Japanese attack Philippine Islands defended by
U.S., Filipino troops
• War wages on the Bataan Peninsula; Philippine islands fall
to Japanese in 1942
• Bataan Death March- 50 miles; 70,000 prisoners started
only 54,000 survived
Japanese Victories
• Japan captures British holdings, including Hong
Kong, Singapore
• Also conquers Dutch East Indies, rich in minerals
• Capture of Burma threatens India, Britain’s main
possession in Asia
• Japanese forces treat conquered peoples, prisoners of
war brutally
The Allies Strike Back
• James H. Doolittle’s Raid
• 16 B-25 U.S. bombers attack Tokyo, other Japanese cities in April 1942
• Raid does little damage, but shows that Japan is vulnerable
to attack
Battle of the Coral Sea
• Americans intercept
Japanese advance to New
Guinea, May 1942
• New kind of naval warfare—
ships launch planes to fight
each other
• Aircraft carriers
• Allies suffered more loses but
stopped Japanese southward
advance
Battle of Midway
• 1,500 miles W of HawaiiSite of American Airfield
• US intercepts plans:
Chester Nimitz- hide US
planes
• Waits for the Japanese to
start the attack on the
island
• Yamamoto orders
withdrawal- turned the
tide!!!
• Destroyed 332 Japanese
planes, 4 aircraft carriers
• US now on the offensive
Battle of Guadalcanal
• Douglas MacArthur- Commander of Allied Land Forces
• “Island Hopping” to get close to Japan by only attacking strategic
islands along the way
• Battle of Guadalcanal- Aug. 7th 1942
• Japan building an air base
• Struggle for land lasts 6 months
• Island of Death- 24,000 of the 36,000 Japanese Soldiers dead
Section 3
THE HOLOCAUST
The Holocaust
Kristallnacht- “night of broken
glass” After a Jewish student shot
a German diplomat, Nazi storm
troopers attacked Jewish homes,
businesses and synagogues across
Germany, marked a major
advance in the persecution of
Jews
Ghettos- segregated Jewish
areas sealed off from the rest
of the city
While forced to live in Ghettos
many Jews formed resistance
movements and worked to
maintain their traditions and
way of life
Final Solution- Hitler
grew impatient waiting
for the Jews to die in the
ghettos so he took more
direct action called the
“Final Solution” Jews
were moved to
extermination camps
Genocide- the systematic
killing of an entire
people
Auschwitz
The largest extermination camp, people
were sorted –the strong were kept, those
labeled weak were sent to take “showers”
actually large gas chambers then the
bodies were cremated- 1 million died
Jews Killed under Nazi Rule*
Original Jewish Population
Jews Killed
Percent Surviving
Poland
3,300,000
2,800,000
15%
Soviet Union (area
occupied by Germans)
2,100,000
1,500,000
29%
Hungary
404,000
200,000
49%
Romania
850,000
425,000
50%
Germany/Austria
270,000
210,000
22%
* estimates
Source:Hannah Vogt, The Burden of Guilt
What percent of Jews were killed in each of these countries?
Approximately how many Jews were killed in total?
Section 4
THE ALLIED VICTORY
El Alamein
•Rommel takes Tobruk, June 1942; pushes
toward Egypt
•Surprise attack in Egypt where British
troops defeat Rommel and push Axis troops
back, led by British General Bernard
Montgomery
•Operation Torch
•Led by Dwight Eisenhower,
100,000American troops land in Morocco
(November 1942) and cut off Rommel’s
retreat, caught between Montgomery and
Eisenhower Afrika Korps were crushed in
May 1943
•Pushes Germans out of North Africa. Gives
Allies control of the Mediterranean Sea and
gives Allies a place to launch an attack on the
European continent (Italy)*
Battle of Stalingrad
• German offensive to capture
Soviet oil fields, led by Friedrich
Paulus
• Luftwaffe sent nightly bombing
raids, but Stalin ordered that
“his city” be defended to the
death. Germans gained control
of 90% of the city, but winter set
in. Soviets launch a counter
attack and trap Germans in city.
• The besieged Germans
surrendered to the
Soviets
• Lost 1 million and city
was 99% destroyed, but
the Germans were now
on the defensive
Invasion of Italy
• Allied troops landed on Sicily
(1943) and gained control
within a month. After the loss
of Sicily, King Victor Emmanuel
III had Mussolini arrested.
Allies liberated Rome on June 4,
1944 but fighting continued
until Germany fell in May 1945.
• Italian resistance fighters
ambushed German trucks
near Milan. They found
Mussolini disguised as a
German soldier, shot him
the next day and hung his
body in Milan for all to see.
The Home Front
Mobilizing for War
• Factories converted their peacetime
operations to wartime production,
most citizens had jobs in war
industries
• 17 to 18 million U.S. workers—many
of them women—make weapons
• Rationing-factories were so focused
on war that consumer goods became
scarce, goods were distributed in
limited amounts to help with the
war effort
• Propaganda aims to inspire civilians
to aid war effort
• Create your own!!!
The Home Front
War Limits Civil
Liberties
• Propaganda campaigns
inspired patriotism, but also
prejudice against Japanese
Americans.
• Japanese Americans were
forced to live in relocation
camps
• Many signed up for military
service, called Nisei (nativeborn American citizens whose
parents were Japanese)
served bravely even though
their families remained in
the camps.
D-Day Invasion
•Allies plan invasion of France; use
deception to confuse Germans
•Eisenhower, Montgomery, De
Gaulle vs. Rommel
•D-Day—June 6, 1944; day of “Operation
Overlord” invasion of France
•Largest amphibious invasion in history
•Allies invade 5 beaches in Normandy
France – Omaha*(US), Utah (US),
Sword, Juno and Gold (Canadian, British,
French). *most casualties
•Germans were waiting with machine
guns and rocket launchers
•Over 2,700 American casualties alone
that day
•Liberate Paris by September and opens
the Western Front. Hitler has to split his
armies and fight Allies from 3 directions
Battle of the Bulge
• U.S., British forces advance on
Germany from west, Soviets from
east
• Battle of the Bulge—German
counterattack in December 1944
• Hitler had planned to attack the west
and split the American and British
troops
• Germans gain early success as they
break through a 75 mile front in the
Ardennes but forced to retreat
• Last German offensive of the war
Battle of the Bulge
Germany’s Unconditional Surrender
• By 1945, Allied armies approach
Germany from two sides
• Soviets surround Berlin in April
1945
• Hitler commits suicide
• On May 9, 1945, the Third Reich
officially surrenders to
Eisenhower, marking V-E Day
• Victory in Europe
• President Roosevelt dies in April;
Harry Truman becomes
president
Battle of Leyte Gulf
The Japanese in Retreat
• Allies move to retake the Philippines in late
1944
• Douglas MacArthur’s return!!!
• Japanese devise a plan to attack the
American fleet to cut off the ground troops
• A mistake that eliminates Japanese navy
from fighting
• 10,000 Japanese to 1,000 American
• Allies able to liberate the Philippines
• Japanese left with their last hope!
• Kamikazes—Japanese pilots who fly suicide
missions
• Value national honor more than individual
life!!
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• In March 1945, American
forces attack the island Iwo
Jima
• Located 760 miles from Tokyo and
had three airfields
• Japan suffers huge casualties21,000 vs. 7,000
• Demonstrates Japanese
unwillingness to surrender
• U.S. lands on Okinawa in April
• 350 miles from Japan which could
be used as an airbase for the
attack on Japan
• Take the Island in June 1945
• Japan suffers huge casualties100,000 vs. 12,000
Why build a bomb?
• Albert Einstein wrote to President Franklin D.
Roosevelt on August 2, 1939.
• Einstein and several other scientists explained that Nazi
Germany was working on a way to purify uranium-235,
which could be used to build an atomic bomb.
• The Manhattan Project- secret project that cost over 2
billion dollars
• Goal: begin research that would produce a viable atomic
bomb
• Dropping the Bomb
• The atomic bomb has only been used twice in warfare.
• Advisors warn Truman that invasion of Japan will cost many
lives
• He has alternative; powerful new weapon called atomic bomb
Hiroshima
• The first bomb was dropped on
Hiroshima August 6, 1945
(8:16). It was a uranium bomb
nicknamed “Little Boy”, even
though it weighed over four
and half tons.
• The bomb was dropped from
the Enola Gay. It killed
70,000- 80,000 people
instantly.
Nagasaki
• The second bomb was
dropped on August 9, 1945
on Nagasaki.
• It was nicknamed “Fat
Man”.
• It missed its target by over
a mile and a half, but still
leveled nearly half the city.
• 70,000 killed immediately
• First Hand Account
After The Bomb
• The dropping of the bomb itself was not the only
thing that killed people.
• The “black rain” that falls after an atomic
detonation is full of radioactive particles.
• Many survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
succumbed to radiation poisoning.
Japanese Surrender
• Japanese Surrender to
Douglas MacArthur aboard
the Missouri battleship
• September 2nd, 1945
• End of the War!
Section 5
EUROPE AND JAPAN
IN RUINS
Devastation in Europe- Postwar
• 40 Million dead, 2/3 citizens
• Many cities across Europe badly damaged by war
• Paris, Rome, Brussels, London
• Warsaw, Poland was completely destroyed
• Berlin 95% destroyed
• Some people stayed in the ruins while many
people were displaced by war and peace
agreements
• Lack of food, destruction of roads, factories lead to
hardship
• Many people suffer from hunger, disease after
war, harsh winter
Postwar Governments and Politics
• Many conquered countries went
back to old governments
• New leaders needed in Germany,
Italy, and France
• Communist parties make gains
in Italy, France by promising
change
• However, aggressive strikes and a
recovering economy lead to
Communist interest fading
Nuremberg Trials
• Nuremberg Trials—trials of 22
Nazi leaders for war crimes
• International Military Tribunal of
23 nations
• Charged with waging a war of
aggression and crimes against
humanity
• Some Nazi leaders are executed
for their actions while other
were sentenced for life
• Some of the bodies were burned in
Dachau- a concentration camp
Postwar Japan
• In war, Japan loses two million people; severe
damage to many cities
U.S. Occupation
• MacArthur takes charge of U.S. occupation of
Japan
• Starts process of demilitarization—disbanding
Japan’s armed forces
• Only a small police force; bringing war criminals to trial
• Also launches democratization—creating
democracy in Japan
• Japanese people adopt new constitution in 1947 and set
up a constitutional monarchy
• MacArthur puts economic reforms in place
• Large estate holders had to sell land to the government
• Right to labor unions
Occupation Brings Deep Changes
• Emperor kept on, but he loses power and
becomes figurehead
• Diet- two-house Parliament
• Prime Minister by majority
• Bill of rights guarantees freedoms; women also
have right to vote
• Article 9- Constitution says Japan cannot
attack another country unless attacked
• In 1951, Treaty of San Francisco- peace treaty
with Japan and 57 other countries signed
• U.S. occupation ends
• U.S. and Japan become allies
• U.S. and Soviet Union Emerge as the world’s
two major powers
McArthur & Hirohito