Transcript Standard 19-21

Identify key military turning
points of World War II.
– Does this picture
represent a turning
point in American
history?
– Make a list of what all
this picture
represents.
Challenges to FDR’s Foreign Policy
• Germany attacks! (led by Adolf Hitler)
– Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, France
• Italy attacks! (led by Benito Mussolini)
– Ethiopia (eastern Africa)
• Japan attacks! (led by Hideki Tojo)
– China (Manchurian peninsula)
• FDR believed American should help its
allies, prevent totalitarian dictators from
spreading their influence
– NEUTRALITY ACTS OUTLAWED American
sales of arms to nations at war (isolationism)
• Why would America want to stay neutral?
The Axis
The Allies
• Isn’t there an
international
group to
prevent this
kind of
aggression?
Lend-Lease Act
• 1941: Congress passes law to cancel the old
“cash & carry” policy and strengthen the
“arsenal of democracy” by SENDING
WEAPONS to “any country whose defense
was vital to the United States”
– $50 billion worth of weapons
– Provide arms to certain foreign democracies.
• FDR’s Atlantic Charter agreement goes a
step further to create the “ALLIES” (US &
Britain)
• How neutral does America look now?
Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941: an unprovoked attack on
American naval base in Hawaii
– 2,403 killed; 1,178 injured
– Much of US Pacific navy fleet destroyed
• FDR calls it “a date which will live in infamy”
• 94% of Americans had been isolationists
before the attack in Hawaii
– After the attack, America changed its mind
• FDR DECLARES WAR ON JAPAN (but
has to help Britain with Germany first)
• What does December 7th have in common
with September 11th?
The U.S. Enters the War
• The United States entered the fighting of
World War II in 1941, though hostilities had
been taking place in Europe since 1939.
• The grand strategy employed by the United
States, Great Britain, and the other Allied
Forces in World War II was to use the bulk
of their resources to defeat Nazi Germany
first before focusing on Japan.
Pearl Harbor
Mobilization for WWII
• 5 million American volunteer
• Another 10 million drafted (Selective
Service)
• 18 million working in war industries
– Less than 25% hired African Americans
• Selective Service and War Production Board a sign
the U.S. is mobilizing.
• Weekly paychecks rose 35%
• Unemployment falls to 1.2%
• Impacted the American economy by
permanently ending the Great Depression.
Women of the War
• Iconic image from
World War II.
• Symbolizes women
who joined the
workforce in heavy
industry.
Rationing
• Office of Price Administration (OPA) set
limits on prices, keeping them managable
(slow down the inflation!)
• OPA also set up a system where households
received rationing coupons (c-books) to be
used for buying such scarce goods as meat,
shoes, sugar, coffee, and gasoline.
• Americans participated in order to control
consumption of resources.
War-time Conversion
• War Production Board (WPB) said
which industries would switch to
wartime production
– Mechanical pencils turned out bomb parts
– Bedspread maker made mosquito netting.
– Soft-drink company started filling explosives.
• WPB also set a list of conserved
materials
– Iron, tin, paper, cooking fat
• What may have Henry Ford’s company
converted to during World War II?
A. Philip Randolph
• A. Philip Randolph was a well known civil
rights leader. During the 1940s, his work
was focused mainly on ending racial
discrimination of war industries “
– We Loyal Colored Americans Demand the Right to Work
and Fight for Our Country.”
• FDR backed down and issued an executive
order making discrimination in defense
industrial hiring illegal
• Who does A. Philip Randolph remind you of?
– Frederick Douglass?
– WEB DuBois?
– Martin Luther King, Jr.?
Japanese-American Internment
• In 1942, FDR ordered removal of
110,000 Japanese-Americans to
“relocation centers” (prison camp)
– 2/3 were Nisei (born in US)
– German and Italian Americans
• Necessary because the public safety of
the U.S. was in jeopardy.
• The Supreme Court said the camps
were legal in the name of military
necessity
Women in War Industries
• 6 million women come to work (35% of work
force) in order to keep the economy running
• And women in war!
– WAAC (Women’s Auxiliary Army Commission)
never in combat positions
• How have women’s roles and expectations
evolved from (a) World War I, (b) the
Roaring Twenties, (c) The Great
Depression, and now (d) World War II?
Who is Theodore Geisel?
• A clue…
I would not like them here or there.
I would not like them anywhere.
I do not like green eggs and ham.
I do not like them Sam I Am.
- Dr. Seuss (T. Geisel)
During World War II, Dr. Seuss was an active
cartoonist/propagandist in support of the war.
Germany was
building an empire
in Europe
The US
wanted to stay
out of ww2
ISOLATIONISM
The US
is all talk,
no action!
NEUTRALITY
ACTS
By appeasing
(letting Germany
do whatever),
the US looks weak!
If we don’t do
something soon,
Germany & Japan
will come here
and take over
Buy BONDS
to help support
the war effort
The Lend-Lease Act
was starting to get
the US involved
…but not all the way
The attacks at Pearl Harbor finally woke
America up from its isolationist “nap”
War
Mobilization
Get involved!
The US
needs to get serious
Germany & Japan
don’t fight fair
Rationing
This won’t be
a short war
Japanese-Americans
weren’t be trusted
Internment Camps
are necessary
Inflation
(prices rising)
Wartime
Conversion
of Industry
Racist Industrial
hiring practices
A. Philip Randolph
Describe the fight to win
World War II.
• Who were the two main nations the
US fought against in WWII?
– Where are these nations located?
– How might their locations make this a
tough war to fight?
D-Day
• June 6, 1944
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower
planned a major attack from Britain to
the northern beaches of France
• “Operation Overlord” will be the largest land-sea-air
operation in army history!
• Seven days of fighting along an 80mile
coast marked the beginning of the
Allied victory in Europe
• Marked the beginning of the end for
Nazi Germany.
D-Day
WWII Trenches
Trench Warfare
WWII Weapons
The Fall of Berlin
• Once Berlin fell, the Allies could claim
victory in Europe.
• Allies began to liberate the death camps of
the Holocaust
• Then the Soviet army stormed Berlin
– Rather than surrender his capital city, Hitler
committed suicide
• ALLIES CELEBRATE V-E DAY (Victory in
Europe)
– May 8, 1945
• Hitler & Germany have been defeated, is the
war over now?
Fall of Berlin
Celebration in Times Square
Battle of Midway
• The TURNING POINT battle in the
Pacific; stops the growth of the
Japanese sea empire
• Huge morale boost for Americans
• Opens the Allied strategy of “island
hopping” toward Japan
• What battle in Europe
does this compare to?
Battle of Midway
The Atomic Bomb
• The MANHATTAN PROJECT
– TOP SECRET project led by J. Robert
Oppenheimer to develop an atomic bomb
in LOS ALAMOS, New Mexico
– Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)
– Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
• Surrender finally comes
• Why drop these bombs?
Economic & Political Implications
of Dropping the Atomic Bomb
• General Douglas MacArthur leads US
occupation and reconstruction of Japan
• Nuclear Power could also be used for new
domestic technologies
• Soviet Union was deeply offended we didn’t tell
them about the atomic bomb testing
– Couldn’t we trust them? Were we trying to send a message
of strength to them?
• President Harry S. Truman’s war reputation is
emboldened as America celebrates V-J Day
(Victory of Japan)
• Wait a second, where did President
Truman come from? I thought FDR was
the president that took us into WWII…
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
WWII QUIZ
What was the name of the acts passed by Congress
to try to prevent US involvement in WWII?
What was the name of the act of Congress that
showed we were ready to be the “arsenal of
democracy”?
What happened on December 7, 1941?
What happened on June 6, 1944?
What is the turning point battle in the Pacific
Ocean?
What is the name of the largest land-sea-air invasion
in WWII?
What is the name of the US general in charge of
operation overlord?
What is the name of the US general in charge of
the fighting against Japan?
What are two reasons for dropping the atomic
bombs on Japan?
What are the two cities in Japan where the US
used atomic bombs?
Describe the Cold War’s effect
on America at home & abroad.
• Read the paragraph that defines the
Cold War on page 812 (textbook)
– Restate the definition in your own words,
without the open textbook
Competition with USSR
The Cold War
• We built an atomic bomb
– Then they built one of their own
• Harry S. Truman used the United Nations (UN) to
gain allies and trade partnerships
– Joseph Stalin would do the same
• US wanted to encourage self-determination and
democracy
– USSR wanted to encourage communism
• US wanted to rebuild European governments and
put Germany together
– USSR wanted to control Eastern Europe (buffer) and
divide East & West Germany
• US created their first peacetime alliance (NATO)
for military support between US and 11 Western
European nations
– USSR created their own alliance set as well (Warsaw Pact)
NATO vs Warsaw Pact
Duck and
Cover Drill
-How will ducking
under a desk help and
protect you from an
atomic bomb?
Red Dot Black Dot
• KEEP YOUR DOT YOUR HIDDEN!!!!
• Get up and move around – talk to the
people around you, build small-medium-large
groups
– Your objective: have as big a group as you can
have with ONLY black dots
– If you are a red dot, get into as big a group of
black dots as you can without them knowing
what color you are
McCarthyism
• Senator Joseph McCarthy (Wisconsin)
brought the issue of anti-communism
to America’s front pages and living
rooms
• Stirs up a whirlwind fever – claiming
to have a list of 57 (no 81, no 205!)
communists working in the US State
Department
– Accused Democrats of being soft on
communism
• Another term suggesting a person is making
unsupported accusations.
Describe the Cold War’s effect
on America at home & abroad.
• How has the war in Iraq affected your lives?
How has it affected America in their
policies at home and overseas?
• Why do you think the Cold War caused
such a ruckus and fear even though no
shots were ever fired?
Truman Integrates the
Military
• President Harry Truman
– “I am asking for equality of opportunity for all
human beings, and if that ends up in my failure
to be reelected, that failure will be in good
cause.”
• In 1948 ordered integration of armed forces
and an end of discrimination in government
hiring practices
• Could this kind of move cost Harry Truman
his hopes of reelection in 1948?
Truman Doctrine
• “it must be the policy of the US to
support free peoples who are resisting
subjugation by armed minorities or
outside pressures.”
– What “outside pressures”?
– How can the US support?
• US financial aid would help to contain
the spread of communism where it
was and prevent it from spreading to
democracies the US supported
Marshall Plan
• 16 countries – four years - $13 billion in
aid
• Chaotic Western European nations
needed reconstruction
– Secretary of State George Marshall said
that it was directed “not against any
country or doctrine but against hunger,
poverty, desperation, and chaos”
• Purpose was to rebuild post WWII
western European democracies.
“Losing” China
• China was in a civil war in the 1940s
– (US supported) Nationalists vs. Communists
• Mao Zedong gathered support among
Chinese rural peasants to take control
of communist China
• America had spent $3,000,000,000 to
help Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek
• BUT America is not willing to go to a
military solution over China – they’re
too big and the USSR might get
involved
• Is China a communist country today?
Korean War
• In 1950, communist North Korean forces flooded over
the 38th parallel into democratic South Korea (whom the
US was supposed to protect)
• Truman sent General Douglas MacArthur back into
action (he had served in the Pacific in WWII)
– MacArthur’s strong push is successful until China adds support
to North Korea and pushes back
• MacArthur begged Truman for greenlight to attack
China, Truman refuses, MacArthur criticizes, Truman
fires him (America’s favorite war hero at the time)
• The war ended in a stalemate – as the 38th parallel
remained the border
– 54,000 Americans died in Korea
– America spent $67 billion
• What are America’s gains and losses from the Korean
war?
the Cuban Revolution
1956
• Fidel Castro led communist
revolution for control over
Cuba, promising an end to
inequality, poverty and
dictatorship
• Relations with the US got
worse, but JFK’s new foreign
policy when something didn’t
go our way was “flexible
response”
The Bay of Pigs invasion
• The CIA trained over 1,000 Cuban exiles to lead
invasion of Cuban Bay of Pigs that would lead to
overthrow of Castro’s government
• Nothing went as planned and the US army-led
invasion was a giant embarrassment and failure
– The US had to pay $53 million in supplies for the release of
the captured forces
• Cuba turned to the Soviet Union for more
“communist big brother” support
Bay of Pigs
the Cuban missile crisis
1962
• October 14: US planes take photos of Soviet missiles in
Cuba – placed there by the USSR to keep America out in
the future
• October 22: Kennedy informs America of danger in
Cuba, intent to limit buildup
• October 24: Kennedy starts naval blockade of Cuba
• October 25: Soviet Union ships stopped at blockade
• October 28: Khrushchev (USSR) vows to pull missiles
out of Cuba to avoid bigger conflict
– US had to take missiles out of Turkey as well
describing the Vietnam War
• 1953: Eisenhower explains DOMINO THEORY and
how US cannot let another nation fall to communism
• Vietcong will resist US within South Vietnam
• JFK, afraid to be labeled “soft” on communism, continues
US involvement in Vietnam
• After USS Maddox fired upon, Congress passes Tonkin
Gulf Resolution gives wide war-power to LBJ
Vietnam War
Vietnam War
U.S. Troop levels escalate…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1963: 16,000 (JFK)
1964: 50,000 (LBJ)
1965: 180,000 (LBJ)
1966: 385,000 (LBJ)
1967: 500,000 (LBJ)
1968: 542,000 (LBJ)
1969: 480,000 (Nixon)
1970: 225,000 (Nixon)
1971: 160,000 (Nixon)
1972: 10,000 (Nixon)
A Difficult War to fight
• Elusive/Unclear/Deter
mined Enemy
– Vietcong were fighting a
hundred-year-old war for
their survival
• Impossible Terrain
– jungles, heat, bugs,
rain, traps, hiding
Vietcong
– 3.5 million landmines
still in Vietnam today
•
•
•
•
Guerilla Warfare
War of Attrition
Chemical Warfare
Sinking Troop Morale
the Tet offensive
• TET OFFENSIVE – January 1968
– Tet holiday ceasefire (Vietnamese New Year)
– Vietcong ignore ceasefire and attack 100 towns
– Vietcong lose 32,000 (ARVN/US lose 3,000), before Tet: 28% doves, 56% hawks
- after Tet: 40% doves, 40% hawks
The “Living room war”
growing opposition to the
war
• Most soldiers DRAFTED
• African American Soliders
– 10% of forces, 20% of death toll (??)
• The New Left (protest leadership)
– SDS & FSM
• student groups rage against “the machine”
• seek to increase youth voice in government
– Kent State & Jackson State
• Violence erupts, people die
• Opposition turns to protest and resistance
• DOVES vs. HAWKS
– protesters were unpopular
• (70% believed it was un-American to protest war)
Sputnik I
• In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first
satellite into space
– America worried, “are we falling behind in science
& technology?”
• President Dwight D. Eisenhower encouraged
increased spending on education (math &
science, especially)
– And increased military/defense spending
Levittown
• There is a baby boom following WWII
• Americans had saved up tons of money and the
economy is BOOMING
• The 1950s will be an era of conformity
– Everyone looking to be the same, do the same
• Levittown, NY and then Levittown, PA
– Planned suburbs for the new American family
Interstate Highway Act 1956
• President Dwight D. Eisenhower (elected 1952)
• 40,000 miles of highways in 10 years makes it
the largest public project in American history
to that time
– To connect the nation, coast to coast
– To grow urban American outward into suburbs
• Boost to oil company? Boost to automobile industry?
The impact television on
American culture
• POLITICS & NEWS
– (Civil Rights & Vietnam War)
• POPULAR CULTURE
– (music, clothing, family relations)
• COMMERCIALS
– (teenage consumerism)
the presidential debates
(Kennedy/Nixon, 1960)
• 70 million Americans tuned in to watch the first ever
presidential debate
• Richard Nixon, the Vice President and foreign
policy expert, hoped to expose Kennedy’s
inexperience
• John F. Kennedy (JFK) got a lot of coaching and
was very collected/confident on TV
Kennedy won, barely by
only 119,000 votes
Thanks to tv debates and his
active position on civil
rights