Transcript Cell Theory (a relatively young concept)

Fluorescent Stained Cell
Generic Cell
Prison Cell
I. Cell Theory (a relatively young concept)
A. All living things are made up of cells
- Life must be separated from its environment to be an “open system”
B. Cells only come from other living cells
- Spontaneous Generation does not take place
II. Size Restriction of Cells
A. Cells must stay small to maintain a high surface area to
low volume ratio
1. High Surface Area
- required for sufficient food and gas exchange
2. Low Volume
-a cell can “out grow” its ability to provide food
and oxygen for its volume
Bioflicks: The Cell
III. Cell Types
Prokaryotic
Organisms
Bacteria
vs.
Eukaryotic
Plant, Animal, Fungi
(multicellular organisms) &
Protists (mostly unicellular)
DNA
Organelles
Circular; One DNA
Strand; No “packaging”;
nucleoid region
Ribosomes, no
membrane bound
organelles
Linear; Many DNA
strands; “packaged”, bound
by a nuclear membrane
Membrane bound
organelles, “membranes
inside membranes’
IV. Importance of “Membranes within Membranes”
A. Increases surface area for important metabolic activities
B. Provides localized environmental conditions for
specific metabolic process
C. Allows specialized division of labor
1) Within an individual cell
2) Within a multicellular organism
IV.
Grouping
Eukaryotic Cell Anatomy Chart
Organelle
Nucleus
Genetics
(Transfers
genes into
proteins)
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Function
Structure
A/P/B
Grouping
Organelle
Nucleus
Function
“Control Center”
Contains the DNA codes to
make protein
Genetics
(Transfers
genes into
proteins)
Structure
Nuclear Membrane
A/P/B
B
DNA / Chromatin
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
Contains the DNA code
to make ribosomes
Appears as a dark
spots in nucleus.
B
Cells may have more
than one
Ribosomes
Site of Protein Synthesis
Made of RNA: 2 Types
a) Bound: Found on ER, Protein
made for export
b) Free: Found loose in cytoplasm, Protein made
for cell
1. Larger part and
smaller part
B
2. The two parts
join only when
making protein
Grouping
Organelle
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
Endo-
lumen –
opening/space
inside a tube
Membrane
Complex
(All
exchange
membrane
parts)
Golgi
Apparatus
(Bodies)
Lysosomes
Vesicles
Vacuoles
Function
Hollow tube-like network
Isolates many metabolic activities
1. Smooth – no ribosomes,
metabolism of lipids, sugars, toxins
2. Rough – with ribosomes,
metabolism of proteins
Structure
A/P/B
Outer membrane
Inner hollow space
(Cisternea)
B
Packages and modifies proteins
for export out of cell
Separate entering
and exit sites
B
Membrane bound sack of powerful
enzymes for cellular digestion of
macromolecules (like lipids,
proteins) & organelles
Membrane encloses
enzymes
A
Membranes that “bud
off” and fuse
B
Transport “bubbles” that
carries materials from ER to
Golgi to outside of cell
Storage sites for food, water &
waste
Large in plants (Central Vacuole)
Membrane surrounds
the stored “stuff”
B
Grouping
Cyto-
Organelle
Microtubules
Skeleton
Centrosome
Centrioles
Intermediate
Filaments
Microfilaments
Function
Maintains shape of cell
Aids in Movement
1. Flagella
2. Cilia
3. Vesicles
Microtubule Organizing Center (MOC)
Cell division
Shape, Anchorage,
Maintains shape of cell
Aids in movement
1. Make up muscle fibers
(actin and myosin)
2. Amoeboid Movement
3. Cytoplasmic streaming
Structure
A/P/B
Small globular
proteins that are
easily rearranged
as needed
B
9 + 2 arrangement
Nine sets of triplet
microtubules
arranged in a ring
A
Keratin fibers
permanent
B
Small structural
proteins (actin fibers)
B
Grouping
Organelle
Cell Wall
Cell
Surface
(separates
inside from
outside)
Cell Membrane
(Plasma)
Extracellular
matrix (ECM)
Plasmodesmata
Function
Support and Protection
Non-living
Made of Cellulose
Controls what goes in / out of cell
Semi-permeable
Communication & Signaling,
Structure
Channels through cell walls
that link to other plant cells
Structure
Primary: Thin
Secondary: Thick, forms
after the primary
Phospholipids
and protein
A/P/B
P
B
Glycoproteins, collagen,
proteoglycans
(3 D Link)
Perforated “holes”
A
P
Communication between cells
Tight
Junctions
Desmosomes
Prevents leakage into cells
Anchors cells to each other
“Rivets”
Gap Junctions
Channels through cells that
link to other animal cells
Fused membranes
forming a continuous belt
A
Intermediate
filaments of keratin
A
Special membranes
surround pores
A
Grouping
Organelle
Mitochondria
Energy
TransFormation
Chloroplast
Peroxisomes
Function
Parts
Powerhouse of the cell
Site of cell respiration
Converts glucose to ATP
2 membranes
inner
outer
Photosynthesis / Food production
One of the Plastid group
a. Amyloplast – Store Amylose
b. Chromoplast – Color pigments
Generate and degrade H2O2 for
oxidation of fats and detoxification
2 membranes
inner
outer
Crystalline core
Catalase
Video: Animal Cell
Video: Plant Cell
http://www.studiodaily.com/main/technique/tprojects/6850.html
A/P/B
B
P
B
Structure of the Cell Wall
Slide 8
Extracellular Matrix
Slide 8
Microtubules and Movement
1. Microtubules move by “walking” against each other
2. Organelles can move by “walking” on a microtubule
Slide 6
Microfilaments: Small Interactions, Big Results
1. Microfilaments found in Muscle Cells
2.
3.
Microfilaments allow Amoeboid Movement
Cytoplasmic Streaming: Cytoplasmic
movement within a cell
Slide 6
Microtubule Skeletons
Slide 6
A Typical Prokaryotic Cell
Slide 2
Typical Animal Cell
Slide 3
Plant Cell
Slide 5
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Slide 7 Slide 8
Slide 9
Typical Plant Cell
Animal Cell Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 8
Slide 9
Structure of the Nucleus
Slide 4
The Structure of the Ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Slide 4
The Structure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Slide 5
Slide 6
The Structure of the Golgi Apparatus
Slide 6
Hydrolytic Digestion in Lysosomes
Digestion of a Food Vacuole
Formation of a lysosome
Digestion of an Organelle
(Autophagy)
Slide 6
Vesicles: The Transport Link of the
Endomembrane Organelles
Vesicles
Slide 5
The Structure of the Mitochondria
Slide 9
Peroxisomes
Slide 9
Structure of the Chloroplast
Slide 9
A Comparison of the Cytoskeleton Components
Slide 7
Pasteur’s Method of disproving Spontaneous Generation
Slide 2
Slide 6
Slide 6
Slide 5
Slide 10
Slide 4
Relative Sizes
as Compared
to Typical Cells
Slide 2
The Relationship of Surface Area and Volume
Slide 2
Intermediate Filaments
Slide
Slide 7
Centrosome Structure
Slide 7
Plasmodesmata
Slide 8
Animation
Animation
Animation
Slide 8
Meet the Plastid Family
Chloroplast that
have not been
exposed to light
Tomato pulp / skin
Pigment production
and storage
Elodea leaf
Photosynthesis
Resin and sap synthesis
Potato
cells
Starch storage
Fat synthesis and storage
Protein Storage
Gravitropism
Slide 9