Transcript A Tour of the Cell - jj-sct

CAMPBELL
BIOLOGY
TENTH
EDITION
Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson
6
A Tour of the Cell
Clicker Questions by
Scott Meissner
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which cellular structure is common to all three domains
of life?
a) nucleus
b) endoplasmic reticulum
c) mitochondria
d) phospholipid bilayer cell membrane
e) endocytotic vesicles
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which cellular structure is common to all three domains
of life?
a) nucleus
b) endoplasmic reticulum
c) mitochondria
d) phospholipid bilayer cell membrane
e) endocytotic vesicles
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of membrane
lipids are located in what part of an animal cell?
a) endoplasmic reticulum
b) nucleus
c) lysosomes
d) Golgi
e) plasma membrane
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of membrane
lipids are located in what part of an animal cell?
a) endoplasmic reticulum
b) nucleus
c) lysosomes
d) Golgi
e) plasma membrane
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not an argument for the theory
that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from
prokaryotic endosymbionts?
a) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double
membranes.
b) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own
ribosomes.
c) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA.
d) The mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes are
circular.
e) Both the matrix and stromal spaces of these
organelles contain many types of soluble
proteins.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not an argument for the theory
that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from
prokaryotic endosymbionts?
a) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double
membranes.
b) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own
ribosomes.
c) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA.
d) The mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes are
circular.
e) Both the matrix and stromal spaces of these
organelles contain many types of soluble
proteins.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Autophagy removes old damaged organelles like
mitochondria. Decreased autophagy results in
degeneration and inflammation and may result in the
“symptoms” of aging. Which of the following choices is
most directly involved in the process of autophagy?
a) smooth ER
b) peroxisomes
c) rough ER
d) lysosomes
e) Golgi apparatus
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Autophagy removes old damaged organelles like
mitochondria. Decreased autophagy results in
degeneration and inflammation and may result in the
“symptoms” of aging. Which of the following choices is
most directly involved in the process of autophagy?
a) smooth ER
b) peroxisomes
c) rough ER
d) lysosomes
e) Golgi apparatus
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What proteins are not made at the rough ER?
a) insulin (a secreted proteinaceous hormone)
b) digestive enzymes of the gut
c) antibodies in the blood
d) proteins that enter the nucleus and bind there
with the DNA as part of the chromatin
e) collagen (an extracellular matrix protein)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What proteins are not made at the rough ER?
a) insulin (a secreted proteinaceous hormone)
b) digestive enzymes of the gut
c) antibodies in the blood
d) proteins that enter the nucleus and bind there
with the DNA as part of the chromatin
e) collagen (an extracellular matrix protein)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the correct order of the exocytosis or secretion
pathway?
a) rough ER, endosome, Golgi, smooth ER
b) rough ER, Golgi, smooth ER, plasma membrane
c) smooth ER, rough ER, exocytosis, Golgi
d) rough ER, Golgi, transport vesicle, plasma
membrane
e) rough ER, Golgi, endosome, plasma membrane,
transport vesicle
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the correct order of the exocytosis or secretion
pathway?
a) rough ER, endosome, Golgi, smooth ER
b) rough ER, Golgi, smooth ER, plasma membrane
c) smooth ER, rough ER, exocytosis, Golgi
d) rough ER, Golgi, transport vesicle, plasma
membrane
e) rough ER, Golgi, endosome, plasma membrane,
transport vesicle
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Brefeldin A is a drug that disrupts transport from the ER
to the Golgi apparatus. What other organelles and
membranes in an animal cell are affected?
a) lysosomes, transport vesicles, plasma
membrane, nuclear membranes
b) mitochondria, peroxisomes, plasma membrane
c) vacuoles, mitochondria, plasma membrane
d) lysosomes, transport vesicles, nuclear membrane
e) all intracellular organelles and membranes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Brefeldin A is a drug that disrupts transport from the ER
to the Golgi apparatus. What other organelles and
membranes in an animal cell are affected?
a) lysosomes, transport vesicles, plasma
membrane, nuclear membranes
b) mitochondria, peroxisomes, plasma membrane
c) vacuoles, mitochondria, plasma membrane
d) lysosomes, transport vesicles, nuclear membrane
e) all intracellular organelles and membranes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Alcohol is destroyed in the cell by the removal of
hydrogen atoms. Where does this occur? (Drugs are
destroyed in the cell at a different location.)
a) lysosome
b) smooth ER
c) peroxisome
d) rough ER
e) Golgi apparatus
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Alcohol is destroyed in the cell by the removal of
hydrogen atoms. Where does this occur? (Drugs are
destroyed in the cell at a different location.)
a) lysosome
b) smooth ER
c) peroxisome
d) rough ER
e) Golgi apparatus
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Taxol, a drug approved for the treatment of breast
cancer, prevents depolymerization of microtubules.
What cellular function that affects cancer cells more
than normal cells might Taxol interfere with?
a) maintaining cell shape
b) cell motility (cilia or flagella)
c) chromosome movements in cell division
d) cell division (cleavage furrow formation)
e) cytoplasmic streaming
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Taxol, a drug approved for the treatment of breast
cancer, prevents depolymerization of microtubules.
What cellular function that affects cancer cells more
than normal cells might Taxol interfere with?
a) maintaining cell shape
b) cell motility (cilia or flagella)
c) chromosome movements in cell division
d) cell division (cleavage furrow formation)
e) cytoplasmic streaming
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Many types of polysaccharides (such as glucosamine,
chondroitin, and hyaluronate) are sold in health-food
and grocery stores to help reduce pain and increase
flexibility in the joints. They are molecules that make up
a) collagen of extracellular matrix.
b) proteoglycan complex of extracellular matrix.
c) integrins.
d) fibronectin.
e) cytoskeleton.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Many types of polysaccharides (such as glucosamine,
chondroitin, and hyaluronate) are sold in health-food
and grocery stores to help reduce pain and increase
flexibility in the joints. They are molecules that make up
a) collagen of extracellular matrix.
b) proteoglycan complex of extracellular matrix.
c) integrins.
d) fibronectin.
e) cytoskeleton.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
In the figure on the next slide, centrifugation-based
fractionation of cellular contents is shown, with tubes at
stages A–E noted. If you wished to study the cytosolic
protein actin, which sample would be the best to use as
a source of this item?
a) the pellet of tube B
b) the supernatant of tube E
c) the supernatant of tube A
d) the pellet of tube C
e) the pellet of tube E
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
B
C
D
E
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
In the figure on the previous slide, centrifugation-based
fractionation of cellular contents is shown, with tubes at
stages A–E noted. If you wished to study the cytosolic
protein actin, which sample would be the best to use as
a source of this item?
a) the pellet of tube B
b) the supernatant of tube E
c) the supernatant of tube A
d) the pellet of tube C
e) the pellet of tube E
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
In the figure on the next slide, centrifugation-based
fractionation of cellular contents is shown, with tubes at
stages A–E noted. If you examine the various pellets
from these different tubes, which organelle are you
least likely to be able to detect by light microscopy?
a) nuclei
b) individual starch grains
c) chloroplasts
d) mitochondria
e) ribosomes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
B
C
D
E
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
In the figure on the previous slide, centrifugation-based
fractionation of cellular contents is shown, with tubes at
stages A–E noted. If you examine the various pellets
from these different tubes, which organelle are you
least likely to be able to detect by light microscopy?
a) nuclei
b) individual starch grains
c) chloroplasts
d) mitochondria
e) ribosomes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Of the images at the right, which shows the best
resolution?
a) A
b) B
c) C
B
A
C
d) D
e) E
D
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
E
Of the images at the right, which shows the best
resolution?
a) A
b) B
c) C
B
A
C
d) D
e) E
D
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
E
Of the images at the right, which are most likely to be
dead and preserved material?
a) A and C
b) E and B
c) D and A
B
A
C
d) C and D
e) E and C
D
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
E
Of the images at the right, which are most likely to be
dead and preserved material?
a) A and C
b) E and B
c) D and A
B
A
C
d) C and D
e) E and C
D
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
E
Which choice best explains the effect of the presence of a large central
vacuole, as found in many plant cells (see image on next slide), on the
cell surface area required to obtain the items needed for the metabolic
activities of such a cell?
a)
The presence of a central vacuole shifts the more active
cytoplasmic areas closer to the plasma membrane, which,
being then at a lower distance from the outer member, places
less of a burden on the outer cell surface area.
b)
The vacuole is a very metabolically active compartment, so
the cell needs more surface area to service this extra volume.
c)
A large central vacuole can provide all the items needed by the rest
of the cell; therefore, a high external cell surface area is not needed.
d)
Constructing and maintaining the central vacuole places significant
metabolic demands on the cell, this creates a need for a higher
cell surface area.
e)
The vacuole increases the total volume of the cell, so the
need for a greater cell surface area increases.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which choice best explains the effect of the presence of a large central
vacuole, as found in many plant cells, on the cell surface area required
to obtain the items needed for the metabolic activities of such a cell?
a)
The presence of a central vacuole shifts the more active
cytoplasmic areas closer to the plasma membrane, which,
being then at a lower distance from the outer member, places
less of a burden on the outer cell surface area.
b)
The vacuole is a very metabolically active compartment, so
the cell needs more surface area to service this extra volume.
c)
A large central vacuole can provide all the items needed by the rest
of the cell; therefore, a high external cell surface area is not needed.
d)
Constructing and maintaining the central vacuole places significant
metabolic demands on the cell, this creates a need for a higher
cell surface area.
e)
The vacuole increases the total volume of the cell, so the
need for a greater cell surface area increases.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
In a typical eukaryotic cell the surface area to volume ratios of the
endoplasmic reticulum relative to the cytosol volume, the inner
membrane of the mitochondria relative to the matrix volume, and the
thylakoid membranes relative to the stomal volume in the chloroplast
are all high. This implies that
a)
there is less need for a high surface area at the cell membrane to
service these areas.
b)
these compartments are more essential than the nuclear
compartment with its relatively lower surface area to volume ratio.
c)
the total volume of these compartments is kept low in most cells.
d)
all these compartments are very metabolically active and need
high exchange surface areas inside the cell to support their
activities.
e)
this extra internal membrane area acts to keep each of these
compartments distinct from the surrounding ones.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
In a typical eukaryotic cell the surface area to volume ratios of the
endoplasmic reticulum relative to the cytosol volume, the inner
membrane of the mitochondria relative to the matrix volume, and the
thylakoid membranes relative to the stomal volume in the chloroplast
are all high. This implies that
a)
there is less need for a high surface area at the cell membrane to
service these areas.
b)
these compartments are more essential than the nuclear
compartment with its relatively lower surface area to volume ratio.
c)
the total volume of these compartments is kept low in most cells.
d)
all these compartments are very metabolically active and need
high exchange surface areas inside the cell to support their
activities.
e)
this extra internal membrane area acts to keep each of these
compartments distinct from the surrounding ones.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
A typical eukaryotic nucleus has to exchange a great deal of protein
and nucleic acid material with the surrounding cytosol of the cell.
Which choice correctly describes a feature of most nuclei that helps
promote this exchange?
a)
Many nuclei wait until the start of cell division, when the nuclear
membrane barriers are removed, for the exchange of many
needed items.
b)
There are numerous nuclear pores that allow regulated
passage of selected items into and out of the nuclear space.
c)
Large numbers of vesicles that fuse with and bleb from the
nuclear membranes are used in the movement of these items.
d)
Many nuclei increase their membrane surface area relative to the
nuclear volume by modifying their shape from that of a sphere.
e)
The nuclear envelope membranes are selectively permeable and
able to permit the passage of the needed items through their lipid
phase.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
A typical eukaryotic nucleus has to exchange a great deal of protein
and nucleic acid material with the surrounding cytosol of the cell.
Which choice correctly describes a feature of most nuclei that helps
promote this exchange?
a)
Many nuclei wait until the start of cell division, when the nuclear
membrane barriers are removed, for the exchange of many
needed items.
b)
There are numerous nuclear pores that allow regulated
passage of selected items into and out of the nuclear space.
c)
Large numbers of vesicles that fuse with and bleb from the
nuclear membranes are used in the movement of these items.
d)
Many nuclei increase their membrane surface area relative to the
nuclear volume by modifying their shape from that of a sphere.
e)
The nuclear envelope membranes are selectively permeable and
able to permit the passage of the needed items through their lipid
phase.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
A membrane protein is made and inserted into the
membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A binding
site that is present in this protein is aligned so that it faces
the lumen of the ER. If this protein is then moved to other
endomembranes, at which surface of the membranes given
below is this binding site unlikely to be found?
a) the internal face of the Golgi apparatus membranes
b) the internal face of a lysosome membrane
c) facing the intermembrane space of the nuclear envelope
membranes
d) the lumen face of a vesicle just derived from the Golgi
apparatus
e) the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
A membrane protein is made and inserted into the
membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A binding
site that is present in this protein is aligned so that it faces
the lumen of the ER. If this protein is then moved to other
endomembranes, at which surface of the membranes given
below is this binding site unlikely to be found?
a) the internal face of the Golgi apparatus membranes
b) the internal face of a lysosome membrane
c) facing the intermembrane space of the nuclear envelope
membranes
d) the lumen face of a vesicle just derived from the Golgi
apparatus
e) the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which compartments of the mitochondria and the
chloroplasts are most similar to the cytosol of a
eukaryotic cell?
a) the mitochondrial intermembrane space and the
lumen of the thylakoids
b) the mitochondrial intermembrane space and the
stromal space
c) the matrix space and the stromal space
d) the matrix space and the lumen of the thylakoids
e) the matrix space and the interenvelope space of the
chloroplast
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which compartments of the mitochondria and the
chloroplasts are most similar to the cytosol of a
eukaryotic cell?
a) the mitochondrial intermembrane space and the
lumen of the thylakoids
b) the mitochondrial intermembrane space and the
stromal space
c) the matrix space and the stromal space
d) the matrix space and the lumen of the thylakoids
e) the matrix space and the interenvelope space of the
chloroplast
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
A eukaryotic cell carries out phagocytosis and engulfs a
bacterial cell, which ends up in the resulting food
vacuole. To go from the cytosol of this bacterial cell to
outside of the eukaryotic cell that has taken it in, what
is the least number of biological membranes that would
have to be crossed?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 1
d) 5
e) 3
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
A eukaryotic cell carries out phagocytosis and engulfs a
bacterial cell, which ends up in the resulting food
vacuole. To go from the cytosol of this bacterial cell to
outside of the eukaryotic cell that has taken it in, what
is the least number of biological membranes that would
have to be crossed?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 1
d) 5
e) 3
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which one of the following is not a common feature of
the microfilament and microtubule fibers of the
cytoskeleton?
a) Often there are distinct types of motor proteins
that interact with each type of fiber.
b) Both make up part of the elements present in
basal bodies.
c) The actin and tubulin subunits in these fibers are
coded for by genes in the nucleus.
d) Both fibers can be in a stable state or can also
be in a dynamic state of turnover.
e) The subunits assemble into each fiber interact
using noncovalent interactions.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which one of the following is not a common feature of
the microfilament and microtubule fibers of the
cytoskeleton?
a) Often there are distinct types of motor proteins
that interact with each type of fiber.
b) Both make up part of the elements present in
basal bodies.
c) The actin and tubulin subunits in these fibers are
coded for by genes in the nucleus.
d) Both fibers can be in a stable state or can also
be in a dynamic state of turnover.
e) The subunits assemble into each fiber interact
using noncovalent interactions.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
On the next slide is a figure showing some of the sizes
of biologically relevant items. If the extracellular matrix
of animals and the cell walls of plants and fungi are to
give any protection to the cell from pathogenic
microbes and viruses that attempt to enter the cell, then
the pores in these extracellular structures should be
roughly what diameter?
a) 1 nm
b) 5 nm
c) 40 nm
d) 1 μm
e) 100 μm
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
If the extracellular matrix of animals and the cell walls
of plants and fungi are to give any protection to the cell
from pathogenic microbes and viruses that attempt to
enter the cell, then the pores in these extracellular
structures should be roughly what diameter?
a) 1 nm
b) 5 nm
c) 40 nm
d) 1 μm
e) 100 μm
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cells need many items to be viable, but across the
diversity of cells there are many variable items that are
not essential. Which of the following items is least
essential to a cell and so can be absent from the cells
of some species?
a) mitochondria
b) plasma membrane
c) ribosomes
d) proteins
e) genetic material
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cells need many items to be viable, but across the
diversity of cells there are many variable items that are
not essential. Which of the following items is least
essential to a cell and so can be absent from the cells
of some species?
a) mitochondria
b) plasma membrane
c) ribosomes
d) proteins
e) genetic material
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.