Transcript Hitler youth - Beaconsfield High School Virtual Learning Environment

Depth Study 2
Hitler’s Germany – 1929-1939
Paper 2 – 10th June
The Impact of the Wall St. Crash
1920’s
War
Loans
Building
German
Economy
USA
Repayments
France/
Britain
Increased
taxes in
order to
pay
1930’s
Loans
Germany
Reparations
Pay back
was sped
up
USA
Repayments
France/
Britain
Reparations
demanded
quicker
No More
Loans
Loans
recalled
Germany
Reparations
The Impact of the Wall St. Crash
Millions lost their
jobs (by 1932 6
million in
Germany were
unemployed)
As they could not
afford to pay
rent/mortgage
Many German
companies could
not afford to pay
back American
Loans
Businesses
went
Bankrupt
Banks
Recalled
Loans
1929 – Wall St. Crash
People felt let down
by the Weimar
democracy
Many
Germans
became
homeless
People
turned to
extremism
for a
solution
Problems for Germany (1929-)
Life savings destroyed
Businesses bankrupt
Millions unemployed
Lack of trust in Weimar Government
Why were the Nazi Party attractive?
The Nazi Promise
1.
End to unemployment
▫ Promised more jobs
▫ Solve starvation problems
▫ “Arbeit und brod”
2.
Strength (1 strong leader)
▫ Strength of Aryan race
▫ United against Judaism
3.
Strength of the Nazi’s
▫ Able to deal with Germany’s
problems
4.
Anti-Semitism
▫ Blames the Jews for Germany’s
loss in WW1
▫ Promised to ‘relieve’ Germans of
the Jews
Communication Methods
• Propaganda
▫ Joseph Goebbels spread Nazi
ideals effectively through the use of
Propaganda
• The SA (Strum Abteilung)
▫ The SA (Strom troopers) caused
trouble and violence at meetings
run by political opponents
▫ This violence would be blamed on
the communists
• Hitler as a Public speaker
▫ Concentrated on the most popular
areas of politics
▫ Which included criticising the
treaty and those who signed it/the
Jews and the communists who
“infected” the German race
The failure of Weimar & Democracy
Proportional Representation
Great Depression
• Proportional representation
▫ The number of
representatives is
determined by the number
of votes gained nationals
• Results in many coalition
governments
▫ No outright majority
▫ Results in difficulty passing
laws
▫ Governments are V. Weak
Brüning (Chancellor)
raised taxes, cut salaries &
cut unemployment benefit
Brüning became very unpopular
as it seemed he was acting against
the good of the German People
Germans
believed the
democratic
system was
failing them
Germans
believed they
needed one
strong decisive
leader
Presidential Election - 1932
Great Britain
Not
elected
Prime
Minister
Parliament
Germany
Monarch
Elected
Elected
(then)
Elected
Chancellor
Appointed
Elected
President
(then)
Appointed
Reichstag
Elected
Presidential Election - 1932
 Hitler took the opportunity of
the Presidential Election to put
across the Nazi message;
• Blamed the country’s
problems on the communist /
Jews
• Promised to destroy the
Treaty of Versailles
• Promised to build a Stronger
Germany
Results of Presidential Election
(1932)
Candidate
No. of votes
Paul Von
Hindenburg
19 Million
Adolf Hitler
(Nazi)
13 Million
Ernst Thälmann
(Communist)
4 Million
 Helped Hitler to gain status as a Politian who could save a
falling Germany
 Gave Hitler the opportunity to massively increase propaganda
before the general election
Why did people vote for the Nazi’s?
Disillusionment with
Democracy
•Unable to deal with the depression
(did not want a repeat of
hyperinflation)
•1930’s Nazi’s spread fear/ discontent
•Unemployment high
Campaign
•Modern and effective
•United under 1 leader (Führer)
•Weimar unable to solve problems
•Blamed Jews/Communists/Treaty
as the cause of all issues
•SA prepared to fight opponents
(specifically communists)
•Hitler powerful /persuasive speaker
Threat of Communism
•Met communism with violence
(SA/SS)
•Nazi’s combated threat of trade Unions
•Farmers worried at how they would be
treated by communist – Nazi promised
to help
Negative Cohesion
•Did not support the Nazi’s but
shared fears/views/dislikes
•“if you hate what I hate it can’t be all
bad” type attitude
Decadence
•German values under threat – Nazi’s
restoring tradition
•Underestimated anger towards
Weimar republic
General Election - 1932
July 1932 – Nazi’s
fought the
communists
(resulting in
nearly 100 dead)
The Nazi’s
became the
largest party in
the Reichstag
Hitler demanded
he is made
Chancellor
Hindenburg
refuses and
appoints Franz
von Papen
Year
Seats in the Reichstag
1928
12
1930
107
1932 (July)
230
Why did Hindenburg make Hitler
Chancellor in 1933?
Brüning forced to
resign
Hindenburg
offered Hitler post
of Vice-Chancellor
(but he refused)
Hindenburg
appoints Hitler
and puts Von
Papen’s supporters
in the Government
Hindenburg
appoints Franz
Von Papen
Hindenburg & Von
Papen needed
support of a major
party in the
Reichstag
Hindenburg & Von
Papen believed
they could control
Hitler
Von Papen’s
government
collapse – Von
Schleicher said
army opposed him
Von Schleicher
appointed but also
lacked support
Hindenburg & Von
Papen
underestimated
Hitler
Chancellor or Führer?
Power as Chancellor?
Could be voted out at next
general election
Many parties in the Reichstag
– Could block laws the Nazi’s
want to pass
Can be force to leave by
President Hindenburg
Power as Dictator (Führer)?
 Can not be voted
 Total control in the Reichstag
(only party – no opponents)
– Nazi’s free to pass any law
the want
 In total control of the country
– Cannot be forced to leave by
Hindenburg
How does Hitler go from Chancellor to
Führer?
Hitler becomes
Chancellor
(appointed by
Hindenburg)
The Reichstag
Fire
The Enabling
Act (Article
48)
Blamed Communist
Oath of
Loyalty of
army to Hitler
Führer
Death of
President
Hindenburg
Hindenburg was the
only person who
could fire him
Got rid of
all Political
Opponents
The Night of
Long Knives
Only the SA (led by
Röhm) were strong
enough to threaten
Hitler’s position
The Reichstag Fire
(February 1933)
Events
27th February,
the Reichstag
building had
been set on fire
Dutch
communist; Van
de Lube was
found inside the
building
Van de Lube was
arrested and
charged with
starting the fire
Hitler used this
as evidence that
the communist
were plotting
against Germany
Forced
Hindenburg to
pass the enabling
Act
Consequences
• Deal with Communist threat
▫ Hitler spread anti-communist
propaganda claiming they were
attempting to start a ‘civil war’
▫ Communists were banned from
the Reichstag
▫ The Nazi’s were able to ban
communist meeting and round
up opponents and send them to
concentration camps
• The Enabling Act gave the police
emergency powers including;
▫ Searching power
▫ Confiscation of property
▫ Detain people indefinitely
without trial
▫ Allowed the death penalty
The Enabling Act (Article 48)
(March 1933)
Article 48
 From the Weimar Constitution
▫ Article 48 stated that in time of
Crisis, emergency powers can
be given to the chancellor
 Can pass laws without
consulting the Reichstag (rule
alone)
Communists Banned
 The Nazi’s had a majority in
Reichstag
▫ Hindenburg wanted the Reichstag
to approve the enabling act – with
a majority Hitler’s act would
certainly be passed
Consequences
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Banned all other Political
parties from the Reichstag
Political opponents were
arrested and imprisoned in
concentration camps run by
the SS
Trade Unions were banned
Enemies of the Nazi’s could be
executed
SA could search homes of
suspect opponents
Drove opponents into exile
Intimidated voters by
watching them as they crossed
their ballot paper
The Night of Long Knives
(June 1934)
Ernest Röhm & The SA
• Threat to Hitler’s power
▫ The German army saw the SA
as a rival – the army would not
support Hitler until the SA
were disbanded
▫ Some of the members of the SA
encouraged Hitler to take a
more socialist program of
reform – however this would
lose Hitler support of wealthy
business men
▫ Röhm was a threat to Hitler’s
dominance & did not fit with
Hitler’s ideal of a “clean”
superior race
The Night of the Long Knives
• Hitler made a deal with the
German Army stating they would
only support him if he disbanded
the SA
• In order to get the army’s support
he begun rearming and on the
20th June the SS assassination
squads murdered over 400 SA
‘rivals’ including Röhm
The Night of the Long Knives
The SA are
no longer a
threat – they
fear the
power of SS
and have no
leader
Represents
Army
Shows Hitler
did this in
order to gain
support from
the army
Acted on
Hitler’s
orders –
Hitler felt SA
were a
threat?
British cartoon (David Low) 1934
Would later become an Antiappeaser – distrusted Hitler overplay Hitler’s violence?
Hitler has
used violence
to gain
control in
Germany
The Death of
Hindenburg
(August 1934)
• Hindenburg was the only
person who stood between
Hitler and dictator of
Germany as Hindenburg still
had the power to ‘fire’ Hitler
• On the 2nd August 1934
Hindenburg died (aged 86)
• Hitler then combined the
role of Chancellor and
President - as Der Führer
(the leader)
The Oath of
Loyalty
(August 1934)
• The Army swore an oath of
allegiance to Hitler(rather
than to Germany)
▫ This affirmed his power by
gaining dedication of the army
▫ Hitler was also made
Commander-in-chief
The Wehrmacht Oath of Loyalty to Adolf
Hitler, 2 August 1934
"I swear by God this sacred oath that to the Leader
of the German empire and people, Adolf Hitler,
supreme commander of the armed forces, I shall
render unconditional obedience and that as a
brave soldier I shall at all times be prepared to
give my life for this oath."
Chancellor – Führer
Hitler’s position is not very stable.
Hindenburg can force Hitler to
leave, also the Nazi’s do not have a
majority in the Reichstag therefore
the Nazi’s cannot pass all the laws
they want to
1933
President
Hindenburg
Chancellor
Hitler
Reichstag
33% Nazi
1934
President
Hitler
Chancellor
Hitler
Reichstag
100% Nazi
Führer
Hitler’s position is very stable.
Hitler is in full control of the
Reichstag and there is nobody in a
higher than him who could threaten
his power or authority.
Germany became a one party
state with all other political
opponent and those who criticised
Hitler were imprisoned
Democracy to Dictatorship in Germany
Reichstag fire –
Hitler passes law
for protection of
state
Hitler
becomes
Chancellor
Communists thrown
out of the Reichstag
Ban on Trade
Unions and civil
service and courts
filled with Nazi’s
Hitler controls
executive system
Röhm conflicts with
ideal of ‘respectability’
Triumph for
Nazi
propaganda
Police gain
total control
Law against
formation of new
parties – German
is a 1 Party State
Leaders put in
labour camps
Night of the Long
Knives destroyed
the power SA
General election
March 1933 gave
Hitler a majority
Enabling Act –
Gave Hitler power
to make his own
laws
Only Nazi’s
allowed to stand
Hindenburg dies
- Hitler becomes
Führer
Replaced by the SS/Gestapo
who spread terror
Make laws without
consulting the Reichstag
Army swears an
oath of Loyalty
to Hitler
50,000 strong SS totally
devoted to Hitler
Under full
control of army
Nazi Leaders
Führer
Hitler
Economy
Hjalmar Schacht
Hermann
Göring
Propaganda
Joseph Goebelles
Security
SS/Gestapo
Heinrich
Himmler
Foreign Minister
Ribbentrop
How did Hitler control Germany?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
Propaganda & Control of the Media
Goebbels – successful propaganda
Fear & Terror
SS/Gestapo
Dealing with opposition
Edelwiess Pirates
White Rose
Control of the Church
Control of Women
Kinder, Kirche, Küche,
Control of Children
Hitler Youth/Timetabling
Control of the Economy
Trade union ban/unemployment decreased
Suppression of minorities
1.1 Control of the Media & Censorship
Terror
Anyone caught writing or spreading anti-Nazi material were
taken by the SS/Gestapo
Technology
Made radio cheap and widely available – Loud speakers were
put in the street preaching the Nazi viewpoint
Music
Jazz/Blues music banned because it was seen as ‘black music’
Cinema
Newsreels proceeded films explaining Nazi/German greatness
– All films were censored. Cartoons were used to show Jews as
weak and devious
Artists
Painted heroic images of Aryan and military ideals
Books
No books were published without Goebbels’ permission. In
1933 he organised a book burning to burn any books which
were unacceptable to the Nazi’s
Newspapers
Jewish editors or Journalist lost there jobs . It was not
allowed to print Anti-Nazi ideas
1.2 Propaganda
• Joseph Goebbels ensured
everything people heard was from
the Nazi viewpoint
• He staged rallies filled with young,
attractive, pro-nazi men to build
support for the Nazi’s; Hitler’s
speech as Nuremburg would
discuss 3 key area;
▫ Ein Reich
 On united country with one
political party
▫ Ein Volk
 A ‘pure’ people
▫ Ein Fuhrer
 One undisputed leader
• In 1936 Germany staged the
Olympic to show the superiority of
Aryan Race to the rest of the world
2. Fear & Terror
The SS
The organisation of the SS
• Used terror tactics to
intimidate, arrest and possibly
kill any possible opponents
• Enemies of the Nazi’s such as
communists were often
arrested and sent to
concentration camp without
trial
Heinrich Himmler
▫ This was known as ‘protective
custody’
• “speak through a flower”
▫ Only say positive things about
life in Nazi Germany
▫ Sent to concentration camps
for “re-education”
SS
Gestapo
Einzatgruppen
Responsible
for the
Holocaust
Death head
units
•General
Surveillance
•Secret Police
Concentration
camps
3.1 Dealing with opposition
Edelweiss Pirates/Navajos
• Offered considerable freedom
▫ Such as friendships between
genders
 The Hitler youth was strictly
segregated
• ‘non conformist’ behaviour
▫ Tended to be small
insignificant
Nazi Response
• ‘Make example of’ – to stop reoffending
▫ Typically harsh
 Heads shaved to shame them
 Sent to concentration camps
 6 member of the
edelweißpiraten were hanged
 Listed to Jazz music
 Didn’t abide by Curfew’s
 Refused to join the Hitler
Youth
▫ Sometimes went as far as to
beat members of the HY
Navajos song
3.2 Dealing with opposition
White Rose
• Main members were siblings –
Sophie and Hans Scholl
▫ Many other core member
were all from Munich
University
• The group distributed six antiNazi leaflets
▫ Between June 1942 and
February 1943
▫ These leaflets called for active
resistance of the German
people to the Nazi oppression
and ‘tyranny’
• Though they were executed their
leaflets were smuggled to the
allies before there execution who
then proceeded to drop millions
of copies all over Germany
Nazi Response
• The Scholl’s went to the top
floor and threw the leaflets
into the air
▫ This action was observed and
the police were called
• The Gestapo took Hans and
Sophie into custody
▫ Eventually the entire group
were interrogated
• They were tried and found gilt
of treason
▫ Hans, Sophie and a few
others were sentences to
death, the executed
3.3a Control of the Church
Destroy the Church?
Use the Church?
1. The Church was a direct threat to the
Nazi’s
▫ To gain the complete control of the
people - the Nazi’s need to take
control of the Church
2.By 1933 nearly 2 in 3 Germans were
protestant
▫ The protestant church had more
members than the Nazi party
3. Conflicting ideas
▫So Churches could spread AntiNazi ideals
4. Strong Religious beliefs
▫People who worshipped a God
maybe less likely to worship Hitler
as the Leader of Germany
1. Many Church members has voted
for Hitler
▫ Protestants in particular as many
protestant church pastors were
successful Nazi election speakers
2. Church members were anticommunist
▫ Communists were atheist
3. Shared some ideas
▫ Importance of family
▫ Military
 During the occupation of the
Rhineland – Priests accompanied
the troops
4. The church was a powerful in a
community
▫ If the Nazi’s could exploit this it
would strength their position
3.3b Control of the Church
1933 Concordat
The Reich Church
• In 1933 a concordat was
signed between Hitler and the
catholic church
▫ They agreed to not interfere
with one another
• Hitler united all protestant
churches under one pro-Nazi
‘Reich church’
▫ A copy of Mein Kampf
replaced the bible
▫ A sword replace the cross
▫ “The swastika on our
breasts and the cross in our
hearts” became the slogan
of the Nazified church
 Hitler promised catholic
schools and worship could
continue as normal and in
exchange the Vatican
promised to stay out of Nazi
politics
▫ In effect giving Hitler
control of the protestant
church
3.4 Christian opposition to the Nazi’s
Martin Niemöller
Paul Schneider
• Niemöller was a WW1 hero –
with a decoration for bravery
• He disliked ‘German
Christians’ and so formed the
‘confessional church’
• With many other ministers he
was sent to a concentration
camp
• There would be public outcry
had Niemöller been killed
• Schneider was a pastor in a
small town
• Arrested in 1934 for making
hostile speeches towards then
Nazi’s in particular Goebbels –
then released again
• In 1937 he was rearrested and
sent to a concentration camp
• Here he was whipped
repeatedly and put in a cell
where he remained for 2 years
4.1 Control of Women
Role of Women – Kinder, Kirche. Kuechen
• Kinder (Children)
▫ Women’s place was in the home – as mothers
▫ Seen as there duty to continue the Aryan race
▫ Given medals for having children
 ‘Cross of honour of German motherhood’
 Silver – 4
 Gold – 8
• Kirche ( Church)
▫ Women were expected to attend church weekly with their family
• Kuechen (Kitchen)
▫ Women were expected to cook for the family
4.2 Control of women
Nazi guideline for Women
• Discouraged from wearing modern
clothing
• Told to imitate peasant-style
clothing
• Make-up and/or dyed hair and/or
smoking was all severely fronded
upon
• Banned from senior positions with
the Nazi party or as civil servants
• No female deputies in the Reichstag
• Stopped from having jobs
• Not allowed to take an opinion on
politics
4.3 Control of Women
Motherhood schemes
• Women were encouraged to
have as many children as
possible
• Financial incentives were
offered for childbearing
• Family allowance payments
were increased
• Nazi’s desperately wanted to
increase the birth rate
1. Anti-abortion laws were
2.
3.
passed
Access/advice about
contraception was limited
Women were given medal as
a reward for having many
children – these medals had t
be saluted
• Women’s interested were
represented by the Nazi
women’s league
▫ Extensive propaganda as
used to encourage women to
abide by the 3 K’s
• Many women lost there jobs and
the umber of female university
students was decreased
▫ Hitler believed women should
be at home with the children
• When more men joined the
army women had to work again
5.1 Control of Children (Education)
A typical timetable followed at a Girl’s school during Nazi Germany
Period
Mon
Tues
Wed
Thurs
Fri
Sat
1
German
German
German
German
German
German
2
Geog
History
Singing
Geog
History
Singing
3
Race Studies
Party Beliefs
4
Break – Sports (with special announcements)
5
Domestic science & Maths
6
Eugenics, Health Biology and Sport
•School textbooks were re-written in support of Nazi Ideas
•Children were taught that the Aryan race was superior than others
•Before Jewish children were banned from German Schools altogether teachers
would use them as examples
•Encouraged to spy on their parents
•They were indoctrinated with Nazi ideology
5.2 Control of Children (Boys)
Hitler Youth Activities
• Strenuous activity
▫ Preparation for the army
 Marching/hiking
 The boys were trained to
marks 50 miles without any
more food than they took with
them
• ‘Exercise authority’
▫ Discipline/Nazi ideology
 Trained to be spies to enforce
Nazi power
 Discipline for the army
• Memorising and reciting
▫ Learning Nazi ideology
 No other opinions – continue
the Nazi Ideals
Aims
• Preparation for the Army
▫ Lessons in armaments and
weaponry
▫ Lessons in German Hero’s
▫ Teamwork
• Exercising Nazi’s dominance
▫ Used children to ensure
their parents were positive
about Nazi rule
 Encouraged them to report
on there parents kept
everyone afraid
5.3 Control of Children (Girls)
League of German Maidens
• Participated in sporting
activities
▫ Preparation for motherhood
• Farming / looking after pets
▫ To gain experience in
looking after something
which were dependant on
them
 Preparation for motherhood
– looking after children
• Learning Nazi ideology
▫ Girls would learn the place
of women in Nazi society
5.4 Similarities and Differences
between Boys & Girls
Similarities
Differences
• Farming
▫ But v. different jobs
• Exercise
▫ Preparation for adulthood
Age
Boys
6-10
The Pimpfen
(Little Fellows)
10-14
The Jungfolk
(Young Folk)
The Jungmadel
(Young girls)
Hitler Jugend
(Hitler youth )
Bond Deutsch
Madchen
(German Girls
league)
14-18
Girls
• Girls
▫ Cooking
▫ Working with clothes
▫ Animal Care
▫ Nursing
• Boys
▫ Lots of sports
 Competitive
 Team Sports
▫ Learnt about weaponry
▫ High food consumption
6.1 Control of the Economy
Germany 1933
• Great Depression
▫ Unemployment reaches 6
million
• No one would loan money
▫ Weimar Government
couldn’t do anything for
unemployment
• Hitler promised ‘Arbeit und
Brod’
▫ Work and bread’ for all
German people
Hitler’s economic policy
1.
Autarky
▫ A self-sufficient Germany
2. Strength German Military
▫ To the strength before the
restriction from the Treaty
of Versailles
3. Reduce unemployment
4. Modernise Germany
6.2 Control of the Economy
Schacht or Göring?
Schacht
Göring
• Brilliant financial expert
• Head of German air force
• Trusted by business people &
• President of the Reichstag
other leaders
 Limited imports
• Not an expert in business or
economic like Schacht
 Trade Agreements
• V. loyal supporter of Hitler
 Set up work projects/
 4 year plan
conscription/ replaced
political & religious enemies
6.3 Control of the Economy - Labour
Labour
• Closed down all trade unions
• Set up the DAF
▫ Membership of 22 million
by 1939
• The DAF was responsible for:
▫ Wages
▫ Working hours
▫ Organising training
▫ Dealing with strikes/
absentees
• KDF set up
▫ Gave opportunities for loyal
workers
Labour reward Schemes
• Strength through Joy
▫ Hitler wanted happy loyal
workers
 The KDF (Strength through
joy) scheme gave loyal
workers access too cheap
holidays/ participate in
cultural visits
 Volkswagen scheme
• Beauty of Labour
▫ Idea that people should
work for the country
6.4 Control of the Economy –
Reicharbeitsdient (RAD)
Reicharbeitsdient
• This was a body created to
reduce unemployment
▫ The worked on building
projects such as roads/
schools/ weaponry
Year
Kilometres of
Reichsautobahnen
1935
108
1939
3301
(1943)
3896
Outside
time frame
6.5 Control of the Economy - Autarky
1. Hitler believed the lost WW1 because the ran out of imported goods
2. If war was on its way Germany needed to be able produce everything it
needed without need for imports
Successes
Failures
• Farmers saw incomes increase
by 40%
▫ Between 1928-1938
• Food production increased by
20%
▫ Germany was self-sufficient
in;
• Farmers came to resent the
interference of the Reich Food
Estate




Bread
Grain
Potatoes
Sugar
 Meat
 Vegetables
 Egg
• Food production was still not
at a level sufficient to feed
German people without
imports
6.6 Control of the Economy –
Göring’s 4 Year Plan (1936)
Hitler’s Target
How did the 4 Year Plan
achieve it’s aims?
• Hitler wanted Germany to be
completely ready for war in 4
years
▫ Despite Schacht warnings to
go slowly
• Göring aimed to make
Germany self-sufficient in
materials essential for war
▫ Oil
▫ Coal
▫ Steel
▫ Rubber
• Production for raw materials
needed for rearmament was
increase
▫ Coal
▫ Metals
▫ Oil
▫ Explosives
▫ Iron Ore
• Used big businesses to
synthesis raw materials to
reduce imports
▫ Build new industrial plants
▫ Used forced labour
6.7 Control of the Economy
Did the 4 Year Plan work?
• Large amounts of money was
spent
▫ Germany still depended on
foreign imports for raw
materials
• Germany would have to
conquer to achieve autarky
▫ Germany needed to conquer
countries which could
provide raw materials and
food to become fully selfsufficient
Who benefitted from the Nazi
economic policy
• Job creation
▫ Though wages were still
very low
• No trade unions
▫ Strikes made illegal
▫ Workers open to
exploitation
 Long working hours and low
wages
• Minor gains for farmers &
small businessmen
7.1 Suppression of the Jewish community
Boycotts of shops
Sackings of those in the
legal profession
Schools taught children
to have anti-Semitic view
points
Nuremburg laws passed
Took away citizenship
Forbade mixed marriage
Had to wear the yellow
star of David
Violence
1938 -> onwards
Laws passed
1935-1938
Discrimination
1933-1935
Kristallnacht
•10,000 Jewish shops smashed and looted
•Synagogues were burnt
•Dozens killed & thousands injured
 Expansion of concentration camps
•1st mass round up of Jewish people who
were sent to concentration camps
7.2 Suppression of the Jewish community
Kristallnacht and violence
November 1938
– A polish Jew shot
a German diplomat
in Paris
The Jewish
community were
forced to pay 1
billion marks in
compensation
Hitler ordered an
immediate attack
on the Jewish and
their property in
Germany
9-10th November –
Thousands of Jewish
businesses were attack
and 200 synagogues
burnt down
After Kristallnacht
violence towards
Jews rapidly
increased
Himmler expanded the
concentration camps and
the first mass round up of
Jewish people were sent
to concentration camps
later that year
7.3 Suppression of minorities
Many other minority groups in Nazi also suffered oppression
(such as Gypsies or homosexuals)
The Nuremburg laws were also used against them. Many were rounded up
and put in forced labour
The Nazi’s oppression spread to the mentally and physically disabled
Hitler used his oppression to create the superior ‘Aryan’ race. Those who
were not ‘perfect’ had to be stopped from passing on that gene