Transcript Notes #7B - Chapter 29 - "From Isolation to Global War"

Unit #10
World War II
Chapter 29
From Isolation to Global War
Objectives
1. Recount the foreign policy pursued
by the United States in the interwar
period.
2. Outline the aggressions of Japan, Italy,
and Germany in the decade of the
1930s.
Objectives
3. Account the for United States efforts
at neutrality in the face of aggression
and assess its effectiveness in
preventing war.
4. Describe the Presidential Election of
1940.
Objectives
5. Account why and how the United
States supported Britain and Russia
prior to the to its entry into the war.
6. Explain the effectiveness of the attack
on Pearl Harbor.
Section I
Postwar Isolationism
United States Isolationism in the
1920s & 1930s
United States Isolation—
 Many Americans followed anti-war and passive beliefs (due, in
part, to the horrors of WWI). In addition . . .
o
Linkage to debts to German reparations.
o
FDR recognized the Soviet Union (1933).
o
Followed a “Good Neighbor” policy in Latin America.
o
Signed the Neutrality Act of 1935 which banned the sale of
arms and loans to nations involved in conflict.
United States Isolationism in the
1920s & 1930s
Washington Armaments Conference (1921)—
 Delegates from eight nations agreed to reduce naval armaments.
Five-Power Treaty of 1922—
 Delegates from five nations (United States, Italy, Japan, France,
and Britain) signed an agreement to set a moratorium of
battleships for ten years and reduce fortifications of Pacific
possessions.
United States Isolationism in
the 1920s & 1930s
Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928—
 Organized by the French foreign minister Aristide Briand and
Secretary of State Frank Kellogg (signed by France, the United
States, and some sixty other nations to outlaw war).
Clark Memorandum (1928)—
 Effort by Undersecretary of State Rueben Clark to remove the
United States presence in Latin America.
 The memorandum denied that the Monroe Doctrine ever gave the
United States the right to intervene in the affairs of nations in the
Western Hemisphere.
Section II
War Clouds
A New Brand of Caesars
Rise of Authoritarian Leaders—
 With the absence of monarchies and a democratic tradition, many
Europeans looked to ambitious leaders to end the social and
economic conditions from the worldwide Depression of the 1930s
and turned to totalitarianism.
Totalitarianism—
 A type of government which maintains complete control over its
citizens (individuals have no rights, and the government suppresses
all opposition).
Stalin’s Rise to Power in the Soviet
Union
Josef Stalin—
 Leader of the Soviet Union (1924 –
1952) following the death of Vladimir
Lenin. Stalin . . .
.
o
Industrialized the Soviet Union
based on a communist model.
o
Installed a totalitarian society.
o
Was responsible for the deaths of
nearly 20 million people during his
tenure as a brutal dictator.
Mussolini’s Rise to Power
Fascism—
 Authoritarian political philosophy based on . . .
o
extreme nationalism,
o
military expansionism,
o
some private property with strong government controls, and
o
anti-communist.
Rise of Fascist Italy—
 Following the end of the First World War, Italy experienced
increased inflation, high unemployment, and violent strikes.
Mussolini’s Rise to Power
Benito Mussolini—
 Leader of Italy (1922 – 1943) who
created a totalitarian society based on
fascism. Mussolini . . .
o
Was known as “Il Duce” or “the
leader.”
o
Was also known to “make the
trains run on time.”
o
Used his “Black Shirts” as an
instrument of power.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
The Failure of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919—
 The new democracies which were created after WWI failed.
Weimar Republic—
 The democratic government established in Germany following
WWI.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
Weimar Republic
Hitler’s Rise to Power
Nazism in Germany—
 Economic and social conditions broke down following the end of
WWI, and continued into the 1920s and early 1930s.
Germany’s Economy—
 Hit hard by the Great Depression, many German veterans began
to listen to Hitler and became members of Hitler’s “storm
troopers” or “Brown Shirts.”
Nazism—
 German fascism and racism which resulted in extreme
nationalism and hatred of non-German groups.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
Adolf Hitler—
 Leader of Germany (1933 – 1945) who created a totalitarian
society based on Nazism. Hitler . . .
o
Joined the National German Socialist Workers Party (NAZI) in
1919, and became “Der Fuhrer” or “the leader” in 1922.
o
Was Austrian by birth, but believed in a “Greater” Germany.
o
Authored Mein Kampf or “My Struggle” (a blueprint for his
ideas).
o
Was anti-democratic, ultra-nationalistic, paternalistic, and an
anti-communist.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
Hitler: Chancellor to Dictator—
 Hitler became chancellor in 1932 and
dictator in 1934. Hitler . . .
o
Dismantled the democratic
Weimar Republic establishing the
Third Reich or “Third German
Empire.”
o
Moved the world closer to
another world war setting up a
conflict with (1) western
democracies, and (2) Soviet
communism.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
Hitler’s SS—
 The “Schutzstaffel”
or SS was Hitler’s
primary
instrument of
terror against non-
Germans, Jews,
and enemies of the
Reich.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
Jews in Germany—
 Anti-Semitism or hatred of Jews in Europe (but, mainly Germany
following the end of WWI) increased under Hitler.
Jewish Refugees—
 The fleeing of Jews out of Germany was difficult since no country
was willing to accept a large number of immigrants.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
“Kristallnacht”—
 The targeting of Jewish
homes, businesses, and
synagogues known as
“Night of Broken Glass”
(November 9, 1938).
Hitler’s Rise to Power
Condemned—
 Gypsies, freemasons, communists and other “inferior” groups
targeted by Nazism and died in the Holocaust.
Forced Relocation—
 Jews were relocated to ghettos (segregated Jewish areas) where
they were forced to work in factories to produce Germany’s war
machine.
Militarists Take Control in Japan
Rise of Militarist Japan—
 Imperial Japan was seized by militarists who took control of
the government. In 1931, Japan . . .
o
Invaded Manchuria and took control of China’s northern
region, and
o
Removed itself from the League of Nations who
condemned the aggressive action.
Militarists Take Control in Japan
Rise of Militarist Japan
United States Actions in Asia
Neutrality Breaks Down—
 Following Japan’s renewed attacks in China, FDR began sending
arms into China in an effort to stop the aggression.
 Volunteer pilots formed the “Flying Tigers” squadrons to fight for
the Chinese against Japanese aggression.
Aggression in Europe & Africa
Aggression in Europe & Africa—
 The dictators of Europe began to follow Japan’s actions.
o
Hitler pulled Germany out of the League of Nations (1933)
and began a massive military build-up (1935) in complete
violation of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
o
Mussolini attacked Ethiopia in Eastern Africa (1935) and
quickly took over the region by 1936.
Aggression in Europe & Africa
Austria & Czechoslovakia Fail–
 By 1937, Hitler decided to create a “Greater Germany” through
the use of force.
Union with Austria—
 On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria and
created a “union” or “Anschluss” with Austria.
Sudetenland Seized—
 In September (1938), Germany threatened to invade
Czechoslovakia, but gained it through a meeting with French and
British leaders.
Aggression in Europe & Africa
Union with Austria & Sudetenland Seized
Aggression in Europe & Africa
Munich Agreement of 1938—
 Hitler’s met with France’s
Edouard Daladier and Britain’s
Neville Chamberlain in which
Chamberlain stated that there
would be “peace in our time.”
Aggression in Europe & Africa
Winston Churchill—
 Conservative British politician and
opponent of Chamberlain who attacked
the Munich Agreement as a policy of
liberal appeasement.
Appeasement—
 Giving up principles to pacify an
aggressor.
Aggression in Europe & Africa
Soviets Declare
Neutrality—
 In the Spring of 1939,
Hitler began to make his
move against Poland by
having the Soviet Union sign
the Non-Aggression Pact
of 1939 and secretly
planned to divide Poland.
Aggression in Europe & Africa
Blitzkrieg in Poland—
 World War II broke out
(September 1, 1939) when
Germany invaded Poland
 Germany used “Blitzkrieg” or
“lightening war.”
War in Europe—
 On September 3, 1939, war was
declared against Germany by the
Britain and France.
Aggression in Europe & Africa
Blitzkrieg in Poland—
Aggression in Europe & Africa
Blitzkrieg in Poland
Section III
United States Effort for
Neutrality
United States Neutrality
Neutrality Act of 1935—
 Forbade the arms of sales to belligerents.
 Travel discouraged on belligerent ships.
United States Neutrality
Neutrality Act of 1935—
 Forbade the arms of sales to belligerents.
 Travel discouraged on belligerent ships.
Invasion of Ethiopia
Ethiopia, 1935—
 Italy invaded Ethiopia seeking to make a power grab in eastern
Africa.
 The Neutrality law applied to military sales, but not oil and other
raw materials.
 By 1936, Italy had conquered Ethiopia.
Civil War in Spain
Spanish Civil War—
 A conflict (1936-1939) which
consisted of Fascist rebels
(supported by fascist
Germany and Italy) who
fought the republican
government (backed by the
communist Soviet Union).
Rise of Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco—
 Fascist leader of Spain who took
control of the government (1939)
and turned Spain into a dictatorship.
 Europe began to collapse into two
camps: totalitarian (Italy, Germany,
and Spain) and democratic (France
and Great Britain).
Conflict in Asia
Japanese Action in China—
 On December 12, 1937, Japanese planes bombed and sank the
United States gunboat Panay on the Yangtze River in China.
 The attack prompted the Ludlow Amendment which would
have required a public referendum for a declaration of war
except in the case of attack on United States territory, but it was
tabled and not voted on.
 By July of 1939, Japanese troops moved captured Peking.
Section IV
The Storm in Europe
Hitler’s Blitzkrieg
The Phony War—
 Germany amassed a large army on the French border, but did not
advance.
 Despite the storm clouds, the United States remained neutral.
Invasion of Western Europe—
 On April 9, 1940, Hitler attacked Norway and Denmark, the
Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg ending the Phony War.
Hitler’s Blitzkrieg
France & Britain Fight—
 The Blitzkrieg was put in use again and continued in the summer of
1940 as German tanks, planes, and troops avoided the main
defensive measures of the Maginot Line and marched on Paris.
 France was knocked out of the war and Britain was left alone to
fight the Axis in Europe.
Hitler’s Blitzkrieg
Hitler’s Blitzkrieg
Dunkirk—
 The German
offensive into
France left
400,000 Allied
soldiers trapped
until rescued by
Britain’s navy
and maritime
fleet.
Fall of France
France Surrenders—
 French military leaders
surrendered Northern
France to Germany.
 Vichy France (a fascist-
puppet government set up
in Southern France) was
established and led by
Philippe Petain.
Fall of France
France Surrenders—
Fall of France
Charles de Gaulle—
 French general which
fled to Britain and
established a
government-in-exile.
Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill—
 On May 10, 1940,
Winston Churchill became
Prime Minister of Great
Britain and prepared to
fight in the air, at sea, and
on land to defend the
island.
Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain—
 The air battle which
consisted of the Royal Air
Force (RAF) defending the
skies over Britain against
the German Luftwaffe
eventually propelling an
invasion of the island and
resulting in the bombing of
British cities.
Section V
The Presidential Election
of 1940
The Presidential Election
of 1940
FDR’s Third Term
(1941–1945)—
 FDR defeated
Wendell Willkie with
55% of the popular
vote.
Section VI
The Arsenal of Democracy
Lend-Lease Program
Lend-Lease Act of 1941—
 FDR promised to lend weapons, aid, and assistance to any nation
whose defense was vital to the United States (most Americans
favored this plan despite opposition from isolationists).
Supporting Stalin—
 When Hitler broke his treaty Stalin and invaded the Soviet
Union, the United States began the lend-lease program with
Russia in June 1941.
Lend-Lease Program
Drafting the Military
Peace-Time Draft—
 Congress passed the Selective
Service & Training Act of 1940
which drafted nearly 16 million
men (age 18 – 25).
 The United States under the
leadership of FDR began to
mobilize forces and prepare for
conflict.
Atlantic Charter
Atlantic Charter of 1941—
 FDR and Churchill met secretly to sign an agreement which
pledged a mutual alliance for both the United States and Britain.
 The Charter became the basis for a new international organization
which would become the United Nations.
Allied Powers—
 Those nations which fought against the Axis Powers during the
war (26 nations signed the Atlantic Charter).
Atlantic Charter
Atlantic Charter of 1941
Battle of the Atlantic
German Wolf Packs—
 Providing Britain and the Soviet Union with war materials was
no easy task due to the menace of the German U-Boats.
Germany’s U-Boats . . .
o
Sank hundreds of Allied ships carrying supplies,
o
Attacked at night and traveled in packs of 20 to 40 at a time.
o
Were finally slowed down in 1943 with the introduction of
SONAR and the extensive use of the depth-charge.
Battle of the Atlantic
German Wolf Packs
Conflict with Germany
United States Attacked—
 In 1941, German U-Boats
attacked and killed United
States sailors aboard the
destroyers U.S.S. Kearny and
U.S.S. Rueben James.
 Many Americans began to favor
involvement in a war against
what many perceived was
German aggression.
Section VII
The Storm in the Pacific
Japanese Aggression in Asia
Japan’s Imperialist Policies—
 Japan had captured and occupied Manchuria and began attacking
French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia), Dutch, and
British colonies in Southeast Asia.
Oil Embargo—
 The United States cut off trade following the attacks in Asia,
including the supply of oil to fuel its war effort.
Japanese Aggression in Asia
Hideki Tojo—
 Japanese expansionist and Army general who became Prime
Minister of Japan in 1941.
 He planned a secret attack on the United States (November,
1941).
Peace Talks Questioned—
 FDR read encoded messages and questioned the peace talks of
Japanese ambassadors.
Tripartite Pact of 1940 Establishes
the Axis Powers
Axis Powers—
 The Tripartite Pact of
1940 brought Italy,
Germany, and Japan
together in what was
known as the RomeBerlin-Tokyo Axis.
 The Axis Powers were
now a combined threat
to world peace.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor—
 On Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japan bombed the United States fleet
and catapulted the nation into the World War II.
o
Almost three hundred planes from six Japanese aircraft carriers
attacked the island of Oahu,
o
Nearly 3,000 people were killed (including civilians).
o
Eight battleships were sunk (21 total ships), over 300 planes were
destroyed, and morale was low.
o
The three aircraft carriers were at sea when the attack took place
which would later be used to defeat the Japanese Navy.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Reaction to Pearl Harbor—
 FDR knew he would have to build up the military in order to fight
on two fronts. Both FDR and Americans . . .
o
Were shocked at the attack by Japan.
o
The fact that the attack came on a Sunday morning enraged
Americans.
o
The United States would be involved in fighting both in Europe
and Asia.
Declaration of War
Congress Declares War—
 On December 8, 1941, FDR asked Congress for a declaration of
war against Japan.
 FDR announced that the attack of Pearl Harbor was “a day that will
live in infamy” which emboldened the American will to fight (even
for the isolationists).
 The Axis would now be engaged in battling the United States and
what FDR considered the “Arsenal of Democracy.”
 The “Sleeping Giant” was now awake.
Declaration of War
Congress Declares War
Making Connections –

During the 1930s, the United States tried
to stake out a neutral position in the
growing world conflict
Making Connections –

The American alliance with the Soviet
Union described in this chapter proved
to be temporary — after the war, the
Americans and the Soviets would be
adversaries in a prolonged “Cold War”
which will be discussed in Chapter 31.
Making Connections –

The Japanese conquest of French
Indochina (Vietnam) would play an
important role in the events leading to
American involvement in Southeast Asia,
a topic discussed in Chapter 34.