Transcript Chapter 30 The Rise of Dictatorships

Chapter 30 The Rise of Dictatorships
Thomas Baffuto
Pleasantville High School
Post war Social Changes
• The Roaring Twenties
– Rebellious young people were disillusioned by war
– Rejected the moral values and rules of the Victorian
Age.
– Chased after excitement
– The Flapper
Postwar Social Changes: Women’s Lives
 Lady Nancy Astor first woman elected to Parliament.
Labor saving devices became common in middleclass
homes
Washing machines, vacuum cleaners, and canned
foods.
Women pursed careers in many new areas- from sports
to arts.
The New Literature: The Lost Generation
Gertrude Stein an American writer coined the term
war novels, poetry, plays and memoirs about WWI
flowed off the presses.
All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Remarque
A loss of faith in western democracy and its moral
breakdown.
T.S. Eliot poet: The Waste Land
Ernest Hemingway: The Sun Also Rises
New Scientific Theories
Marie Curie and radioactivity
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
Sigmund Freud probes the mind
Modern Art and Architecture
New Directions in painting
Henri Matisse
Cubism
Dada: rejected all traditional conventions of painting
Abstract
Abstract Art
Cubism
Surrealism
Crisis of Democracy in the West
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Rebuilding war torn countries
Finding jobs for returning vets
Huge debt
Pursuit of peace Treaty of Locarno settled
Germany’s border disputes
• Kellog Briand Pact of 1928: “renounced war as
an instrument of national policy
Contestant #1
I am a womanizer, have
self-interested policies
and unfortunately suffer
from ailing health.
Contestant #2
I have a drinking habit and
a defiant tongue or attitude
Contestant #3
I am a decorated war hero,
do not drink and want
to create a stable economy
Contestant #1
Contestant #2
Contestant #3
Treaty of Versailles
Black Tuesday
1929
- stock market crashes
Total Control
of State by a
Dictator
Great Depression
during
1930s
Increasing influence of new
political parties that emphasize
state control
-For example: Communism,
Nazism, Fascism
The Rise of Totalitarian Leaders
• European struggles and dissatisfaction during
the postwar years had a major effect on
European politics.
• Leaders who reflected the people’s bitterness
and anger emerged.
• These leaders promised a return to greatness.
• This was very appealing to unhappy
Europeans, and many were willing to give up
basic freedoms in return for future glory.
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Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state
(political, military, economy, social, cultural)
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Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)
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Strict controls and laws
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Military state (secret police, army, military)
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Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)
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Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters)
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One leader (dictator); charismatic
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Total conformity of people to ideas and leader
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Terror and Fear
Nazism
Totalitarianism
Communism
Fascism
*These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism,
are completely different theories that are bitterly
opposed; however they exhibit the same behavior
I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il
Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943.
What is Fascism?
• RIGHT WING
• intense nationalism and elitism
• totalitarian control
• interests of the state more
important than individual rights
• maintain class system and private
ownership
Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from
the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority
consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax
I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer)
or dictator of Germany from 1933 to
1945.
What is Nazism?
• extremely fascist , nationalistic and
totalitarian
• based on beliefs of the National
Socialist German Workers Party
• belief in the racial superiority of the
Aryan, the “master race”
• belief that all Germans should have
“lebensraum” or living space in Europe
•Violent hatred towards Jews and
blamed Germany’s problems on them
Common ideals of Fascism
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Government run by dictator
Nationalistic
Imperialistic
Militaristic
Racist
Kill all opposition
Weakness of the Weimar republic
• New democratic gov’t setup in the city of Weimar
• No single party commanded a majority.
• Leading moderate parties differed on economic and
religious matters.
• Nazis on the right and communists on the left had more
votes than those groups fighting for the republics
survival.
• Unstable gov’t; unable to cope with problems.
• Politically weak
• Many economic problems caused by the Versailles Treaty
• Weak tradition of democracy
Effect of Hyperinflation
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Germans lost their life savings
Salaries were paid in worthless money
Groceries cost billions
Hunger riots broke out
Cost of Bread in Germany
• 1921: 1 mark
• 1922: 1 mark
• 1923: 60,000 marks
60000
50000
cost of
Bread
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1921
1923
• Value of 42,000 marks in
American Dollars
• 1921: $600.00
• 1923: 1 cents
Fall of German mark(Hyperinflation)
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1921 four marks to one dollar
1922 four hundred marks to one dollar
Jan 1923 18000 marks to one dollar.
July 1923 160000 marks to one dollar.
Nov 1923 4,000,000,000 to one dollar.
Cost of Living in Germany
900
800
700
600
500
Cost of living
400
300
200
100
0
1920
1922
1925
1930
Factors explaining the Nazi rise to power
• Economic Distress
– Instead of raising taxes gov’t prints more money
– Value of money declines.
– Savings accounts, life insurance policies and
pensions became worthless.
– Worldwide depression.
– Nazis rose to power “on the empty stomachs of
the German People”.
– Support of the middle class, workers,
industrialists.
Fear of Communism
• Many Germans supported the German
Communist Party
• Property owners, Bankers and industrialists
feared the Communists and supported the Nazis
Appeal to Nationalism
• German patriots unable to cope with defeat in WWI
• Nazis pledged to
– tear up the Versailles treaty
– Rearm Germany
– Demand return of Colonies
– Denounced War guilt clause
– German Army stabbed in back by Jews and
Communists/ November Criminals
Anti Semitism
• Scapegoats for Germany’s loss in WWI.
• Hated throughout Germany even before WW I.
• If Jews were responsible then Germans were
not.
• Unprincipled people looked forward to looting
and beating Jews.
• Small minority only 600,000 safe to attack.
Lack of Democratic Tradition
• Use to autocratic gov’t not a democracy.
• Bismarck and the Kaiser unified Germany,
achieved economic growth, and world
power=success.
• Weimar republic signed the Versailles treaty=
failure.
• Many Germans willing to exchange freedom for
Nazi promises of economic security and
nationalist glory.
My Struggle: Mein Kampf
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Written In Jail
Blueprint for Hitler’s rise to power
Aryans= master race
Jews, Gypsies & Slavs= subhuman
Lebensraum: living space
Versailles Treaty an outrage
Hitler takes control in Germany
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German brand of fascism is called Nazism
Hitler a skilled orator
Very organized takes power
Tries to overthrow the government (1923)
Thrown in Jail writes “Mein Kampf”
Nationalist Socialist German Workers (Nazis)
Use of Storm Troopers.
Spectacular mass rallies.
Rise of Nazis
• 1928:12 seats.
• 1930:107 seats; popular vote from 800,000 to 6.5
million.
• 1932: 230 seats.
• Hitler named Chancellor on January 30, 1933
Calls for new election.
• Week before election day the Reichstag building
caught fire.
• Nazis blamed it on the Communists.
• Took dictatorial powers suspended freedom of
speech/press.
The Third Reich
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1st Holy Roman Empire
2nd Bismarck’s Empire
Took the title Fuhrer
Attack on the Jews
Why was Hitler able to gain complete power in
Germany from 1929 to 1934?
• Oct. 24, 1929 Stock market crash: over
production/over supply/low prices/buying stock
on margin
• By 1932 6,000,000 Germans were out of
work/business failures/falling wages
• Germans wanted a leader who could provide
jobs and rebuild German pride
• Nazis promise to improve the economy/win over
the middle class, workers, and unemployed
• Nazis “rise to power on the empty stomachs of
the German People.”
Why was Hitler able to gain complete power in
Germany from 1929 to 1934?
• Fear of communism/ by battling the communist
movement the Nazis win support of bankers, property
holders, and industrialists
• Appeal to nationalism
• Anti-Semitism
• Weakness of the Weimar Republic
Economic Policies that made Hitler Popular
• Set up public works: every unemployed German male
had a job with the government for 6 months.
• Built up infrastructure of Germany
• Banned Jews and women from working giving jobs to
German males
• Arms industry was labor intensive need many workers
• Banned some labor saving machinery so that more
people could work.
• Conscription (draft) into the Military reduced
unemployment
• Hitler encouraged mass production of radios /
employment increase/ also used for mass propaganda
• Strength through joy program: cheap vacations/public
theater, concerts and sporting events
Party Representation in the
Reichstag
Nazi
700
600
GERMAN national
Peoples
German Peoples
500
400
Economic
300
200
Catholic Center
100
Socialist
0
1928
Jul32
Mar33
Communist
Party Representation in the Reichstag
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May 1928: 12
Sept: 1930: 108
July 1932: 230
Nov. 1932: 196
Mar. 1933: 288
Nov. 1933: 661
Other Parties in the Reichstag: Communists,
Socialist, State, Bavarian peoples, Catholic
Center, Economic, German National Peoples,
German People
Fascism
• Political movement that promotes an
extreme form of nationalism, denial of
individual rights,and a dictatorial one
party system.
• State above the individual/loyalty to the
state/militarism/censorship/state control
of the economy/ultra nationalism
Benito Mussolini (Il Duce)
• Fascism fueled by disappointment over the Versailles
Treaty/failure to win large territorial gains/ inflation/ high
unemployment/ Fear of Communism/ Democratic gov’t
too weak
• Newspaper Editor and politician
• Black shirts/ October 1922 30,000 fascist march on
Rome/ King Victor Emmanuel III
Rise of Japanese Militarists
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Resentment over Versailles treaty
Loss of tradition
The Great Depression
Loss of trade/ high unemployment
Need for raw materials
Effects of rise of militarists
• Imperialism need raw materials to fuel industrial
growth
• More respect for emperor
• Invasion of Manchuria/ withdraws from League
of Nations
• Loss of democratic freedoms