Transcript The United States in World War II

The United States in
World War II
How can the United States use its
resources to achieve victory?
Mobilizing for Defense
Main Idea
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the
United States mobilized for war.
Why it Matters Today
Military Industries in the United States today
are a major part of the American economy.
Propaganda Posters
Americans Join in the War Effort
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The Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor with the
expectation that once Americans had experienced Japan’s
power, they would shrink from further conflict.
War Effort
Selective
Service
Expanding the
Military
George Marshall
WAAC
Pilots, radio
operators, nurses
Recruiting &
Discrimination
Dramatic
Contributions
300,000 Mexicans
1 mil African-Americans
25,000 Native Americans
13,000 Chinese Ams
33,000 Japanese Ams.
A Productions Miracle
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Early in February 1942, American
newspapers reported the end of
automobile production for private use.
The Industrial Response
 Automobile plants began to produce
tanks, planes, boats, and command cars.
 Shipyards produced tanker, cargo carriers,
aircraft carriers.
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Labor’s Contribution
 Women contribute in factories
 African Americans still faced discrimination
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Mobilization of Scientists
 Office of Scientific Research &
Development (OSRD)
Improved radar and sonar
► Atomic Bomb
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 Albert Einstein
 Manhattan Project
The Federal Government Takes
Control
► As
war production increased, there were fewer
consumer products available for purchase.
Government
Control
Office of Price Admin.
(OPA)
War Production
Board
(WPB)
Department of
Treasury
Freezing Wages,
prices,and
rent. Rationed food
Oversaw the nation’s
conversion to a
wartime production
Issued War bonds to
raise money for the
War effort and
to fight inflation
Mobilizing for Defense
Review
► How
did U.S. military reflect the diversity of
American society during World War II?
 It included large number of white, AfricanAmericans, Native Americans, Mexican
Americans, and Asian Americans.
► How
did the federal government’s actions
influence civilian life during World War II?
 It drafted civilians and established a system of
rationing and other economic controls.
The United States and Britain Join
Forces
► War
Plans
 On December 22, 1941 Churchill and Roosevelt met to
work out war plans.
 Churchill convinces Roosevelt to attack Hitler first.
► Battle
of the Atlantic
 Hitler orders submarine attacks on America’s east coast.
 Germany’s aim was to prevent food and war materials
from reaching Great Britain.
 Hitler wanted to cut Britain’s life-line.
 1st four months of 1942- 87 ships were sunk
 Convoys were formed
 Shipbuilding increased
The Eastern Front and the
Mediterranean
► By
the winter of 1943, the Allies began to see
victories on land as well as sea.
Eastern Front
Mediterranean
Battle of
Stalingrad
North African
Front
Italian Campaign
Summer 1942
Germans surrender
Jan. 31, 1943
Operation Torch
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
Erwin Rommel
July 25, 1943
Mussolini stripped
of power
“Bloody Anzio”
Tuskegee Airmen
► African
American pilots who fought in WWII
► 99th Pursuit Squadron
 North Africa and later Sicily and Italy
 “Red Tails”
Navajo Code Talkers
► 400-500
Native Americans used there
language to transmit messages.
► Marines
► Cherokee, Choctaw, Lakota, Comanche
Flying Tigers
► Chinese
Air Force
► 3 fighter squadrons.
► Mission: defend China against Japanese
forces
► The Tiger’s shark-faced fighters remain the
most recognizable aircraft
The Allies Liberate Europe
Even as the Allies were battling for
Italy in 1943, they had begun work
on a dramatic plan to invade France
and free Western Europe from the
Nazis.
► D-Day (Invasion of Normandy)
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 3 million British, American, and
Canadian troops
 Operation Overlord (Allied invasion)
 June 6, 1944
 Omaha Beach
The Allies Liberate Europe
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Allies Gain Ground
 General Omar Bradley (Field
Commander in Europe)
 General George Patton
(Third Army-Tank Division)
 Aug. 25, 1944- Paris
liberated
The Battle of the Bulge
 October 1944- Americans
captured their first German
town, Aachen.
 Germans lost 120,000
troops, 600 tanks, 1,600
planes
 American lose 89,000
killed/wounded, 800 tanks
Liberation of the Death Camps
 Soviets were the first to
come upon the death camps
 Majdanek in Poland
Allies Liberate Europe-cont’
► Unconditional
Surrender
 April 25, 1945- Soviet
storm Berlin
 Hitler and wife Eva
Braun commits suicide
 May 8, 1945- V-E Day
(Victory in Europe)
► Roosevelt’s
Death
 April 12, 1945Roosevelt dies of a
stroke
 Harry S. Truman- 33rd
President
The War for Europe and North Africa
► What
was the significance of the Battle of
the Bulge?
 Soviets stopped Hitler’s eastward expansion,
destroyed the German Sixth Army, and diverted
German troops from the western front.
► How
did the Battle of the Bulge signal the
beginning of the end of World War II in
Europe?
 Germany could not replace the manpower and
weapons it lost, and could not only retreat.
The Allies Stem the Japanese Tide
► While
the Allies agreed that the defeat of the Nazis
was their first priority, the United States did not
wait until V-E Day to move against Japan.
Battle with
Japan
Japanese
Advances
Douglas
MacArthur
Phillipines
Doolittle’s
Raid
James Doolittle
Raid on Tokyo
Battle of the
Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
Americans &
Australians
Chester Nimitz
Turning point in the
Pacific
“Island Hopping”
The Allies Go on the Offensive
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The first Allied offensive began in August 1942 when
19,000 troops stormed Guadalcanal in the Solomon
Islands.
The victory at Guadalcanal marked Japan’s first defeat on
land, but not its last.
The Japanese Defense
 Battle of Leyte Gulf and a new tactic
 Kamikaze or suidcide-plane “Divine wind”
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Iwo Jima
 “Sulfur Island”
 Most heavily defended spot on earth
 20,700 Japanese- 200 survived
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Battle for Okinawa
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Japanese send 1,000 kamikaze pilots
Fighting ended on June 21, 1945
7,600 Americans killed
110,000 Japanese killed
The War for Europe and North Africa
Main Idea
Allied forces, led by the United States and
Great Britain battled Axis powers for control
of Europe and North Africa.
Why it Matters Today
During World War II, the United States
assumed a leading role in world affairs that
continues today.
The War in the Pacific
Main Idea
In order to defeat Japan and end the war in
the Pacific, the United States unleashed a
terrible new weapon, the atomic bomb.
Why it Matters Today
Countries of the modern world struggle to find
ways to prevent the use of nuclear
weapons.
Bataan Death March
Mar 11, 1942
Doolittle’s Raid
April 18, 1942
Battle of the Coral Sea
May 4-8, 1942
Battle of Midway
June 4-7, 1942
Battle of Guadalcanal
Aug 7, 1942-Feb. 9, 1943
Battle of Leyte Gulf
Oct. 23-26, 1944
Battle of Iwo Jima
Feb. 19-Mar. 26, 1945
Battle of Okinawa
Apr. 1-June 22, 1945
The Atomic Bomb End the War
► The
taking of Iwo Jima and Okinawa opened the
way for an invasion of Japan.
Atomic Bomb
Manhattan
Project
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
J. Robert
Oppenheimer
July 16, 1945
July 25, 1945
Enola Gay
Little Boy-Hiroshima (Aug.6)
Fat Man-Nagasaki (Aug.9)
Rebuilding Begins
► With
Japan’s
surrender, the Allies
turned to the
challenge of
rebuilding war-torn
nations.
Potsdam
Conference
July 17-Aug. 2, 1945
How to rebuild
Europe after the war
and boundaries.
Divide Germany
into 4 zones
Atlee (G.B.),
Truman(U.S.),
Stalin(S.U)
Rebuilding
Led by Douglas
MacArthur
Occupation
Of
Japan
Military Tribunals 19451949
13-death sentence
5- prison sentence
3- Acquitted
2- committed
suicide
Nuremberg
Trials
Europe after World War II
The War in the Pacific
Review
► Briefly
describe the island war in the Pacific.
 The Allies adopted a policy of leapfrogging from
island to island, all the time moving westward
toward the Japanese homeland.
► Why
did President Truman decide to use
atomic weapons?
 The U.S. wanted to avoid the casualties that
would result from an invasion of Japan, and to
end the war quickly.
The Home Front
Main Idea
After World War II, Americans adjusted to
new economic opportunities and harsh
social tensions.
Why it Matters Today
Economic opportunities afforded by World
War II led to a more diverse middle class in
the U.S.
Opportunity and Adjustment
► In
contrast to the Great Depression, WW II was a
time of opportunity for millions of Americans.
Opportunities
Adjustments
Economic Gains
Population Shifts
Social
Adjustments
Paychecks rose 35%
Crop production 50%
Women in workforce
Families uprooted and
moved
California population
increase
African Ams. Moved north
Mothers raise
children
GI Bill of Rights1944
Discrimination and Reaction
► Despite
the opportunities that opened up for
women and minorities during the war, old
prejudices and policies persisted, both in the
military and at home.
► Civil Rights Protests
 African Ams. Moved to the Midwest
 James Farmer
► Congress
of Racial Equality (CORE)
 Felix Longoria (Texas)
►a
funeral home in the South Texas town refused to hold his
funeral services because he was Hispanic.
 Dr. Hector P. Garcia- founded the American G.I. Forum
► Tension
in Los Angeles
 Summer 1943- “Zoot-Suit” Riots
 11 Sailors reported they had been attacked by zoot-suit
Mexicans
Internment of Japanese Americans
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When the war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans
lived in the U.S.
Frighten people believed false rumors that Japanese
Americans were committing sabotage by mining
coastal harbors and poisoning vegetables.
The War Dept. called for the mass evacuation of all
Japanese Americans from Hawaii.
Executive Order 9066( Feb 19, 1942)Deportation of Japanese Americans to internment
camps
► Internment- imprisonment or confinement of people.
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No specific charges were ever filed and no evidence of
subversion was ever found.
1944- Korematsu vs. U.S.
 Gov. decision was justified on the basis of “military
necessity”
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)
 Compensation for those sent to the camps
The Home Front
Review
► How
did the U.S. economy change during
World War II?
 Unemployment decreased, women took jobs
outside the home, and housing and food were
in short supply.
► What
events show the persistence of racial
tensions?
 Racial riots in Detroit, zoot-suit riots in Los
Angeles, and the internment of Japanese
Americans.
Test Today!! World War II
► Place
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the following notes in order:
Mobilizing for Defense
The War in Europe and Africa
Outline Map-Crisis in Europe
The Home Front
Military Leaders and their Contributions
Foldable- The War in the Pacific
► After
the test, pick up the Vocabulary for
Ch.21- The Cold War