Transcript chapter-35-america-in-wwii-35

Chapter 35
America enters the war
Decision was made to defeat Hitler
first
Americans unite against the dictators
 By Executive Order February 1942 -Japanese internment – 110,000 Japanese
Americans interned in camps on the west
coast.

– It was the most severe attack on American
civil liberties during WWII.
– Excuse/national security
Had to sell homes businesses on short
notice
 Put in camps armed guards in undesirable
places
 1200 volunteered to serve the US army

The US organizes for
war
War productions Board created to
direct industrial production so as to
provide necessary war materials





Pulls us out of the depression
40 billion bullets 300,000 aircraft 76,000 ships
86,000 tanks 2.6 million machine guns
Halts the manufacture of non essential goods
Farmers increase their output
Ship builder Henry Kaiser built one ship in 14
days
Office of Price Administration
Brought prices under control
 Organized rationing

– Some cheat
– Black Market
War labor Board
Put a ceiling on wages
 Settled labor-management disputes so as
to prevent strikes
 Labor unions grew from 10 million to 13
million during the war and there were
some strikes
 Smith-Connally Anti Strike act authorized
government to seize and operate tied up
industries

Man Power
15 million men serve about 16% saw
action 10 million through draft
 Women serve in non combat roles WACS
WAVES
 Mexican farm workers called braceros
allowed across the border to harvest crops
a program that out lives the war
 Over six million women enter the work
force (Rosie the Riveter)

African Americans
Could join the marines
Must fight in black units
Few officers but more could become officers
Charles Drew a black man develops the blood
bank but blood was segregated
 Roosevelt orders no discrimination sets up fair
Employment practices Committee to prevent
racial discrimination and religious discrimination.
NAACP membership booms
 One million blacks move north and west causing
unrest in those states and cities




Paying for the war
With holding taxes began and lower tax
brackets
 330-400 billion 1/3 taxes 2/3 borrowed
through bonds
 Debt went from $50 billion to 250 billion.

European Theater
German subs hurt American shipping until
we controlled Atlantic -Allies had
developed SONAR
So(und) Na(vigation)
R(anging) Radar
 Battle of the Atlantic came first

North African





To stop Rommel
British stop German at El Alamein Egypt
(protect Suez Canal) Montgomery- led British
US gets involved with Eisenhower leading US,
British, Canadian troops in an invasion of North
Africa at Morocco Nov. 1942
Axis troops put in Vice and North Africa soon
taken by allies
Patton very important tank commander here
1943 allies invade Sicily and
southern Italy
Mussolini’s fascists collapse Italy
surrenders unconditionally
 Germany does rush troops here ( by 1944
Rome taken)

By 1942 Russians were on counter
offensive
They wanted a second front
 They broke the siege of Stalingrad and
surrounded the German army
 Jan. 1943- Siege of Leningrad ended

Casablanca Conference 1943
Allies decide to take Sicily and Italy
 Americans wanted to invade France
 Unconditional surrender decided upon
(some criticize as prolonging the war)

Air war





British began bombing Germany in 1941 flew
over at night saturation bombed whole areas
Americans- Army Air Force attack in 1942
pinpoint attack in day light
B-17 Flying Fortress soon being shot down
America develops long range fighters
Germans develop V-1 and V-2 Flying bombs
D-day June 6, 1944








Landed at Normandy France
Best kept secret of war
Eisenhower was “Overlord” code name for invasion
Germans believed attack (Overlord) would come at
Calais to North
Patton used as decoy
600 warships 4000 tanks 176000 men supported by
11000 planes
1 week allies had landed 326,000 men 50,000 vehicles
100,000 tons of supplies
Within 6 weeks all of France cleared of Germans
Battle of the bulge
Germans final attempt
 Hit allied lines in one big offensive to take
Antwerp an allied base
 Aided by bad weather Germans got good
start
 Germans had run out of gas

The End is Near
April 12,1945 Roosevelt dies
 May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders V-E day

War in the pacificAllies had early losses Guam, Philippines
 April 1942 US begins raids on Tokyo
 Did little damage but boosted morale
 B-25's led by General Doolittle in 60
seconds over Tokyo

Battle of Coral Sea
Yamamoto wanted to defeat pacific fleet
 First sea battle where neither ship saw
the other
 Battle was draw – US lost the Lexington
 But stopped Japanese advance

Midway June 1942
Japanese wanted stationary aircraft carrier
(island)
 US sent 4 carriers to the bottom of the
sea – that Japan could not replace
 US lost 1 carrier
 Turning point of the war

Offensive
Guadal Canal of Solomon Islands
 Stepping stone needed for the allies
return to Philippines
 Begins island hopping strategy that
continues until the end of the war

Island hopping






Taking an island near to Japanese held island to
attack other island and work toward Japan
Iwo Jima and Okinawa were two islands
important to the taking of Japan
Lost 5000 American lives- Mt. Suribachi on Iwo
Jima
Okinawa was one of costliest battle in ships
and lives
Japanese use Kama Kasi
11,260 killed 33,000 wounded 100,000
Japanese
Manhattan project
Took about 3 years
 cost 2 billion
 first explosion July
16, 1945
 Hiroshima and
Nagasaki

Yalta
decided how to divide up Europe
 decided on U.N.
 Russia promises to fight Japan within 2-3
months after defeat of Germany. Russia
will get Sackaline Islands Kuril Islands 2
ports
