Transcript WWI Revised for wksts

World War I
“The War to End All Wars”
1914 - 1918
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World Leaders (sp)
Long Terms Causes
Allies
Triple Alliance/Central Powers
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Immediate Cause of the War
Schlieffen Plan (sp)
Trench Warfare
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American Foreign Policy
British Blockade
German U-Boats
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No Man’s Land
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Lusitania: 5/7/1915
1916 Election
Zimmerman Note
Why the US Enters the War: 4/6/1917
Wilson’s War Aim
American Militarism
Selective Service Act, 1917
African American Troops
Convoy System
General John Pershing
Conscientious Objector
Germany’s Collapse
Cease Fire
US Home Front
Food Administration
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War Bonds
Committee of Public Information
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Victory Gardens
George Creel
Anti-War
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Espionage & Sedition Act
Schenk v. USA, 1919 (sp)
Great Migration
Women
Wilson’s Peace Plan
League of Nations
The Big Four
Treaty of Versailles, 1919
– Terms
• Reparations
• War Guilt Clause
Weaknesses of the Treaty (sp)
Congress Rejects the Treaty
League of Nations is Weak
Post War Germany
Isolationism
Differing Viewpoints
 “Family Feud”
 “Fall of the Eagles”
 “The War to End All Wars”
 “The War to ‘Make the
World Safe for Democracy’”
World Leaders
 Woodrow Wilson: President of the
USA
 Kaiser Wilhelm II: German leader
 President Poincare: French leader
 Victor Emmanuel: Leader of Italy
 King George V: King of England
 Franz Josef: Leader of Austria-Hungary
 Czar Nicholas II: Czar of Russia
– Will be removed from power
– V. Lenin will be the leader of the Soviet
Union
World Leaders
 Germany:
– Kaiser Wilhelm II
 England
– King George V
 Russia
– Beginning: Czar
Nicholas II
– End: V. Lenin
 USA
– President Wilson
Militarism
Alliance System
Building up of militaries
Taking Sides - secretly
“MAIN” Causes
Long Term Causes
of WWI
Nationalism
Pride in one’s nation;
National pride
Imperialism
Taking territories - colonies
Immediate Cause of WWI
“The Spark”
 The Balkans were annexed by
Austria-Hungary in 1908
– The Balkans known as the
“Powder Keg of Europe
 Serbia encouraging rejection of
their reign
– Resentful of A-H
 To drum up support for the A-H
Empire, Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, heir to the A-H
throne, visited the area
– Assassinated by Gavrilo
Principe
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
1,2,3,4…Let’s Declare War!!
 July 28, 1914
 Expansive alliance system brought many countries into war
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7/28/14: A-H declares war on Serbia (a quick little war)
Russia declares war of A-H 7/29/14, protecting the Serbs (allies)
Germany declares war of Russia 8/1/14, & France the next day
Great Britain declares war on A-H & Germany to help their allies –
Frenchy
 Within days, all of central Europe has been brought into war
 The war has begun!
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Teams
Allies: “The Good Guys”
France, Great Britain,
Russia
Later the US in, Russia out
due to Revolution
Triple Alliance
AKA – The Central Powers:
“The Bad Guys”
Germany, AustriaHungary & the Ottoman
Empire
1916 Election
 Democrat Woodrow Wilson
wins the election
 His campaign slogan was “He
Kept Us Out of War”
 Ran against Charles Hughes
who did not want to treat
Germany as harsh as most
Americans want to
1914: WWI Begins
1917: US Gets
Involved
April 6, 1917
The US remains
Neutral, but still
trades with both
sides
The US enters the
war on the side of
the Allies
Reasons the US Got Involved in
WWI
 England blockaded Germany’s
coastline
 US supplies rarely made it to their
destination
– Causes fertilizer & food
shortages: 750,000 Germans
will die as a result of the
blockade!
 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare:
Aggressive German tactics – UBoats attacked & sank many ships
– U-Boats: German subs
– Harsh b/c no way to warn the
crew, exploited by the Yellow
Press
 Germany will be seen as the “bully
of Europe” as a result of this
practice
Zimmerman Note
 German Telegram to the
ambassador to Mexico
 Suggested a German-Mexican
Alliance if the US gets involved in
the war
 Germany promises Mexico the
return of all land lost during the
Mexican-American War!
 Germany wants Mexico to attack
the US from the south & west
US Enters the War: 4/6/1917
 Aggressive German tactics
(unrestricted submarine
warfare)
 Zimmerman Note
 Russia pulls out of war in
1917
 After Russian Revolution,
Russia leaves the war –
leaves the Allies weak!
 Wilson’s (US) War Aim:
Make the World Safe for
Democracy
Schlieffen Plan
 German plan of attack
– Named after Count Alfred von
Schlieffen
 2 part plan
– Holding pattern against Russia
– Attack France via Belgium
 Created 2 theaters of war
– Western Front & Eastern Front
August, 1914
Trench Warfare
 Trenches were dug to house
fighting soldiers
 Stretched across the European
countryside
 Very bloody warfare over yards
of land
– During the battle of the Somme,
the British lost 60,000!
 Inconclusive warfare due to
stalemates
 No Man’s Land: Area between
opposing trenches
– Craters, mines – you did not
want to be there!
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
U-Boats
German submarines
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
 German U-Boats will
sink (did sink) any
ship in British waters
U-Boats
Lusitania
 British liner sunk by German UBoats
 128 Americans died
 Seen as organized murder
 Public opinion of Germany is
negative
 Germany defends itself by claiming
their were munitions hidden aboard
 Long Term Cause for American
entry into the war
 After the discovery of the downed
ship, it was learned there were
munitions hidden aboard, as
Germany claimed!
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
Unrestricted submarine
warfare
 Jan. 31, 1917 –
Germany announces to
the world that their
submarines would sink
any ship found in the
waters around Britain.
 The Housatonic - Feb.
3, 1917 US cargo
ship torpedoed & sunk
without warning
American Militarism
 When war was declared, only
200,000 men in military, 55
planes & 130 pilots
– Very outdated weapons!
 Massive build up of US armed
forces
– Trained with pretend
weapons due to shortage
 Selective Service Act, 1917:
Draft
– Over 10,000 registered
– Average age of European
soldier is 22
African Americans
 Large numbers joined the military
– Prove their worth (as if they had to)
 Served in segregated units
 1st African American military
officers
 389th Infantry Regiment (Harlem
Hellfighters): Saw the most
frontline combat
– Henry Johnson & Needham Roberts
received the highest French military
honor “Croix de Cuerre” (Cross of
War)
– Not even recognized by the US –
Progressive Presidents did squat for
African Americans!
Convoy System
 Conceived by British Admiral
William Sims
 Merchants ships would travel in a
group of military ships for
protection from German U-Boats
 Ships loss down 50%
 Germans will start using sea mines
 Barrier of mines across the North
Sea
– Still some floating around today!
The Convoy System
 Merchant vessels
and warships
traveling together
in great numbers
for safety
General John Pershing
 Leader of US troops in Europe
 US troops were being used as
replacements & were told to fight
under the flag of another country!
 American troops were often called
doughboys because of their
uniforms
 Insisted US fight under own flag
– “I will not parcel out our American
boys!”
 Wanted to make sure the US had a
strong voice at the peace talks when
the war ended
Americans in the Trenches
New Weapons
• WWI is the 1st mechanized
war (using modern machines
& equipment)
• Contributed to the high
casualty rate
New
Weapons
 Reliance on machines with diesel
& gas powered engines
– Mechanized warfare
 Big Bertha, German cannon
launching 1,800 lb shells 9 miles
 Machine guns: 600 rounds/minute
 Poison Gas: Mustard Gas
– Leads to the invention of the gas
masks
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant
Medic!!
 Trenches full of diseases:
Dysentery
 Lice, rats, sewage & corpses
 Trench Foot: Feet would rot due
to wet conditions
 Shell Shock: Emotional collapse
Ypres
 The 1st use of poison gas in wartime
(used by the Germans first)
War Is HELL !!
Turning Point of WWI
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US entry into WWI is the turning point
– We provided fresh soldiers, economic & military aid, & war goods by
increasing industrial production
 Mutiny among German soldiers
 Citizens in Berlin rebel, declared Republic of Germany
 Kaiser abdicated the throne
– Stepped down
 There is no decisive battle
 German war machine & economy run out of steam
 War of attrition
Cease Fire
 Germany agreed to a cease fire on
Nov. 11, 1918
 Ends the fighting
 11th hour, of the 11th day of the
11th month
Celebration in the streets of Paris
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
Toll of War
 30 nations involved
 Bloodiest war to date
 37.5 million casualties
– 50% due to disease & starvation
– Just over ½ of all men didn’t return
home
 USA suffered 364,000 casualties
US troops burying American
Soldiers in France
 10 million refugees
 Cost $186+ billion
Toll of War
Russian Soldier
Belgian Refugees
French Cemetery at Verdun
European Ruins
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
14 Points
 Wilson’s peace plan – created
before was ended
 1st 5 points dealt with the long
term causes of WWI
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Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
 Made boundary changes in
Europe
 League of Nations: the 14th
Point
– Creation of an International
Peacekeeping Organization
– Addressing diplomatic issues
that could bring about war
Treaty of Versailles:
1919
 Official end to WWI
 Created 9 new European countries
– Many boundary changes & different nationalities now mixed
together
 “The Big 4” attended: Italy, France, USA, & Great Britain
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Terms of the Treaty
Polish Corridor created
– Germany lost valuable sea port to the new country of Poland
Demilitarized Germany – can’t raise an army
Reparations: Germany must pay Allies war damages
War Guilt Clause: Germany had to take full responsibility for the
war
Weaknesses of the Treaty
 Germany humiliated: Other
European countries provoked the
war too
 Ignored the Soviet Union & the
Bolsheviks: Fought for 3 years;
highest casualty rate & lost the
most land, which they were
determined to regain
 Germany stripped of it Pacific
colonies to repay debt
 Ignored problems of SE Asia
(Vietnam)
Congress Rejects the Treaty
 Congress rejected the Treaty of
Versailles
– Afraid the League of
Nations would drag us into
another European war
 Wilson fails to empathize with
European anger
– Too easy on Germany
 Wilson gave up the 14 Points to
get the League of Nations
Weak League of Nations
 The US never joined the
League of Nations or ratified
the Treaty
 Senator Henry Cabbot Lodge
led vote against League of
Nations & Treaty
 The League had no muscle
power
 US signed separate treaty with
Germany in 1921
Treaty weaknesses will cause problems in
the future!!
USSR not
involved
•
Escalates to the Cold War between the USA & USSR
- Increases distrust/tensions between the 2 countries
•
Germany can’t repay war debts & goes into a severe
economic depression
- Leads to the rise of Hitler
- promised Germany a way out of the
depression
- promised to restore Germanys’ proud name &
reunite the German people
- raised an army
•
Escalates to the Vietnam War, in which Vietnam fights
to gain independence from France
- The US steps in & gets bogged down in war
Issues with
Germany
Ignored problems
in Vietnam
Germany After the War
 Media strictly censored
 1923 depression; loss of jobs & worthless money was used for heat
 Germany blamed its hardships on the Jews & other “undesirables”
– Used as a scapegoat
– Hitler blames the Jews & the Weimer Republic
 Gov’t. was a very weak republic
 Hitler won control of Germany & started new militaristic practices
America’s Home Front
 Wilson controls the economy
– Mobilizing the economy to
produce goods for the war
 Gov’t. Controls: The Gov’t.
controlled what was being made
– Limited production to war
machines
 Skirts & heels shorter
 “Gasless Sundays” & Lightless
Nights”
 Day Light Savings Adopted
Paying for War
 $33 billion toward the war effort
– 1/3 raised through taxes!
 War Bonds: Raise money for war
effort
– Liberty Bonds
– After war, get your $ back, plus
interest 
 Only a friend of Germany would
refuse to buy them!
Food Administration
 Asked people to conserve food
– No rationing in WWI
 Meatless, Wheatless, Sweetless &
porkless days
 “Gospel of the Clean Plate”
 Food shipments to the Allies tripled
 Victory Gardens: Home gardens
 Farmers producing more
 Food shipment to the Allies tripled
Committee of Public Information
 Propaganda agency to boost support
for the war
 George Creel: Head of the CPI
– Former muckraker
 “How War Came to America”
printed in many different languages
– Explained Wilson’s war aim
 4-Minute Men: Trained to deliver a
patriotic propaganda speech at any
given time
– Draft, war, gardens
– 7.5 million speeches during the war
Have You a Red Cross Service
Flag?
Anti-German Fever
 German immigrants tarred &
feathered
 No Mozart or Bach
 German language not taught, books
removed from libraries
 German Measles: Liberty Measles
 Sauerkraut: Liberty Cabbage
 Hamburger: Liberty Sandwich
 Daschunds: Liberty Pups
Women’s
Work
 Taking the place of men in society
– Cab drivers, brick layers, RxR
workers, making weapons, police,
farming, etc.
 Red Cross encouraged sales of war
bonds & victory gardens
 Wilson formally recognized their
efforts after the war (19th Amend.)
 Nurses – 1918 Flu epidemic
– 500,000 dead in US
The Great Migration
 African Americans moved to
Northern cities
– Hoping to avoid racial
discrimination
– Promised higher paying & better
jobs
– Cotton crop had been ruined
– Ford opened his plant to African
Americans
• 1st to do so
 More job opportunities because
less immigrants
 Lived in crowded urban
neighborhoods
 Black owned businesses catered to
the African American community
Espionage & Sedition Acts
 June 1917
 Illegal (unpatriotic) to interfere with
the war effort
– Ex: draft, sale of war bonds, or
speak negatively about US leaders
– Violated the 1st Amendment!
– Since we don’t like immigrants, it
gives us a reason to deport
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Schenk v. USA, 1919
Richard Schenk encouraged people
to avoid the draft - arrested
Set limits on freedom of speech
Clear & Present Danger: Speech
that puts the US in danger
Chief Justice Oliver Wendell
Holmes
Isolationism
 Not getting involved in foreign
disputes
 American foreign policy after
WWI
Bibliography
 www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWW.htm
 www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone.index.shtml
 www.firstworldwar.com