Transcript World War II

World War II
War breaks out in Europe
• Jan. 1933 Hitler PM in Germany & est. the 3rd
Reich
• Needs living space- lebensraum
• March 1938 marches into Austria and takes it
(eagerly want to be part of G)
• German speaking pop. Here in & Czech.
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.u
s/exhibits/ww2/before/fasc
ism.htm
Hitler keeps moving…
• Now wants the western part of
Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland)
• GB & France vow to protect C.
• 3 leaders meet in Munich- (M. Conference)
– Hitler promises this will be the LAST
– GB & France give him- appease Hitler to avoid
war
• Chamberlain- “peace in Europe achieved”
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/ww2/before/fascism.htm
Poland!
• German & Russian speaking pop.
• GB & F vow to protect these areas
• A German invasion might bring in the Soviets
too
• August 1939- Stalin & Hitler sign a nonaggression pact
– No war
– Split Poland into 2
Invasion of Poland
• Sept. 1, 1939
German invasion
of Poland
• Blitzkrieg
– Poland falls by the
end of the month
• Sept. 3rd France &
GB declare war on
Germany
Early stages of war
• Maginot Line- fortifications to keep G. out
• B & F wait for army-> “phony war”
• Soviets take Eastern Poland & other Baltic
states
– Invades Finland too
• Hitler
– Invades Norway & Denmark (April 1940)
– Better position to attack GB
– May- Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg fall
Hitler’s success
• France falls easily June 1940
• France’s fate (3)
– Germany controls N. France
– Vichy gov’t in Southern France est.- a Nazi puppet
gov’t
– Charles de Gaulle refuses to accept this- sets up
exile gov’t in GB
Battle of Britain
• Air raid on London- wear down
the morale of the people
• Hitler carries on for months
(1940)
• Attempting to destroy the RAF
• RAF uses radar to detect German
planes
• Hitler finally ends attack
• Churchill’s rally
http://history.sandiego.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics2
/81930bg.JPG
Holocaust
WWII & America
• Congress allows US to sell goods to F & GB
• Sept. 1940- Axis powers est.
– France gone & GB attacked by Hitler’s air raids
• 1940 Congress approves $$ for defense
• Pass a peace time draft in ’40
• 1940 FDR warns America of trouble if GB falls
and that the US has to help defeat the Axis
powers
FDR draws closer to war
• Lend-Lease Plan March 1941
• USSR relations
– Lend-lease program extended to USSR when
Hitler invades there
• German U-Boats in Atlantic to sink US ships
carrying supplies to Europe
– 1941 US Navy has permission to attack U-Boats in
self-defense
Even closer…
• Churchill & FDR secretly meet on USS Augusta
– C- wants US involvement
• Final result- Atlantic Charter
• Joint declaration of war aims
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Collective security
Disarmament
Self-determination
Economic cooperation
Freedom of seas
• **basis of the United Nations
• FDR waiting to go to war
http://www.ssa.gov/history/pics/acharter1.j
pg
Japan & the Pacific
• Japanese:
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Already controlling Manchuria
Invaded China
Taking E. colonial land (ex. Vietnam)
Wanted to control East Asia
• US Response: cut off trade with Japan (need oil!!)
and attempt peace talks
• Americans aware of imminent Japanese attack (code
breakers)
– Didn’t know the potential location
– Waiting for Japan to make the 1st step towards war
– Dec. 6th all peace talks end
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/ww2/images/b
efore/japan.jpg
Pearl Harbor
• Dec. 7, 1941 Japan attacks Hawaii
• 2 hours– 2, 403 killed
– 1, 178 wounded
• 8 battleships gone (luckily 3 aircraft carriers
were out)
• Dec. 7th FDR addresses Congress & asks for
declaration of war
– “a date which will live in infamy”
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g40000/g400
56.jpg
http://www.hist
ory.navy.mil/ph
otos/events/wwi
ipac/pearlhbr/ph
-oa.htm
US prepares for war
• 2 wars- Europe & Pacific
• 5 million volunteer, but still need the draft
• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
– Female volunteers in non-combat jobs
– Nurses, ambulance drivers, pilots, etc.
• Minorities?
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Should they fight??
300K M-A
1 Million A-A
13k C-A
33K J-A
25K N-A
http://z.about.com/d/history1900s/1/0/l/S/wwii
p24.jpg
Japanese Americans
• Fear of another Japanese
attack
• 1942 evacuate J. from HI
• 1942- FDR orders that all JA in CA, WA, OR, &AZ to
“relocation centers”
– 2/3rd Nisei
• No evidence ever found, but
FDR thought it was a
security matter
http://gainesjunction.tamu.edu/issues/vol3num1/mj
ones/images/clip_image004.jpg
. . . Victims of war time hysteria, these people, two-thirds of
whom were United States citizens, lived a bleak and
humiliating life in tar paper barracks behind barbed wire and
under armed guard . . .
-Sign at the Minidoka Relocation Center
http://education.nebrwesleyan.edu/eisenhower/partsites/north
eastpage/safarik/internmentpage.html
American Workforce
• Car industry focuses on war production
(1942) and others follow
• Many Americans working in these fields
including women & minorities
• Scientists organized under the OSRD
– Focus on new technology
– Pesticide, penicillin, radar, etc.
– Manhattan Project
War time!
• Worries about prices increasing
• Office of Price Administration (OPA)
– Keep prices reasonable
• War bonds
– Org. drives to collect goods that could be recycled
into war products
• Rationing
– Coupon books for scarce products for each family
Time to fight!
• Churchill & FDR meet for 3 weeks (Dec. 1941)
to devise war strategy
– Believe Germany & Italy posed a greater
threat….focus on Japan after crippling Europe
• Hitler tries to blockade GB- Starve them to
death
– Allied response- convoy system- very successful
Battles
• Stalingrad- Stalin urges
Allies to create a 2nd
front in Western
Europe to relieve the
Soviets
– Allies not ready for thatgo to Africa instead
• Leningrad
• North Africa
• Operation TorchEisenhower
• Desert Fox
• Successful by ’43
• FDR & Churchill meet
in Africa to devise next
stage
– Italy!
– Unconditional surrender
VE Day!
• D-Day June 6th, 1944 Operation Overlord
• Battle of the Bulge
• April 25th, 1945
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Soviets in Berlin
April 30th Hitler commits suicide
Week later the 3rd Reich surrenders to Eisenhower
May 8th- VE day!
– April 12th FDR dies of a stroke in GA
– Harry S. Truman new president
Eisenhower
http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/dday.h
tm
Utah Beach
War in the Pacific
• Douglas MacArthur
• Japanese control Hong Kong, French
Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand & most
of China
• March 1942 American forces leave Philippines
and promise to return
• April 1942 air raid on Tokyo- Doolittle’s Raid
Pacific Battles
• Coral Sea
• Midway- turning
point
• Guadalcanal
• Iwo Jima
• Okinawa
Manhattan Project
• Invasion on Japan- too costly
• Head of project- Leslie Groves & Robert
Oppenheimer
– Practice test- July 16, 1945 (NM)
• Late July- Truman warns Japan to surrender
(refuse!)
– August 6th- Hiroshima
– August 9th- Nagasaki
• Sept. 2nd official surrender by the emperor
Meetings of the Mind
• Casablanca- FDR & Churchill
– Jan. 1943
– Invade Sicily
– Want unconditional surrender
• Tehran- FDR, C & S
– Nov. 1943
– B & A invade France & S invade Germany and
eventually join Pacific war
Meetings of the Mind Part II
• Yalta- FDR, C, & S
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Feb. 1945
Germany divided in occupation zones
Free elections in E. Europe (S- controlled)
S. enter Pacific War
Est. of United Nations
• Potsdam- S, Truman, & Attlee
– July- Aug. 1945
– Warn Japan to surrender
– Hold trials for Nazi leaders
After the War
• America
– 300 K died, 800K wounded
– $320 billion (10X greater than WWI)
• Congress accepts the UN- Proposed by US,
USSR, GB, & China
• US one of the few to leave the war without
substantial damage to cities
• Prosperous & Powerful