Transcript Chapter 27 – World War II (1935

Chapter 27 –
World War II (1935-1945)
Section 3 – The Home Front
Section 4 – The Allies Advance
Section 5 – Final Victory
Section 3 – The Home Front
• Gov’t controlled the economy during WWII even more than WWI
– Gov’t set prices of
.
– Gov’t negotiated with
.
– Gov’t decided what products would be produced. Ex:
Automakers switched to
.
• Consumer goods got scarce (?). Gov’t rationed (?) amount of
certain goods (coffee, sugar, meat, shoes, gasoline, tires) with
coupons.
• Victory gardens – planted by many Americans to avoid food
shortages – produced 40% of all vegetables grown in US during war
• Depression ended.
• Women got jobs (why?). Fashions changed. (how?)
• African Americans –
– A. Philip Randolph –
.
– Segregation continued in military – all-black units commanded
by
.
– Tuskegee Airmen and others
Section 3 – The Home Front, continued
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Japanese Americans
– Those on west coast and Hawaii
were moved to “relocation” camps
– lived in crowded barracks
behind barbed wire.
– Had to sell their homes and all
possessions for great loss
– Fought heroically in military
– 1988 – Congress apologized and
gave $20,000 to each survivor
Latinos
– Bracero program – US and
Mexico signed a treaty in 1942 –
allowed recruitment of Mexican
laborers to work in US (?)
– Fought heroically in war (?)
– Still faced prejudice – June 1943,
sailors on leave attacked a group
of young Mexican Americans –
beating and clubbing them.
Native Americans
– More than 1/3 served in military
– Navajo code talkers (?)
Section 4 – The Allies Advance
• Early 1942, Germans seemed unstoppable.
• Ex: Siege of Leningrad – 900 day siege (how long?). More than
1,000,000 Russians died (more than 1,100 per day!).
• Japanese also doing well. They seized Guam, Wake Island, Hong
Kong, and Singapore. They took the Philippines, Malaya, Burma
and Dutch New Indies. They threatened India, Australia and New
Zealand.
• Allies decided to put most of their resources into fighting Germany
and Italy first, then going after Japan. Despite that, in June 1942, US
Navy won the Battle of Midway, sinking 4 Japanese aircraft
carriers.
• Success in North Africa
– Oct, 1942 – British forces won an important victory against
German forces at El Alamein in Egypt (northeastern Africa).
– American troops landed in N. Africa. Commanded by General
Dwight D. Eisenhower (?) they took over Morocco and Algeria.
– American and British forces together forced Germany’s forces in
Africa to surrender in May, 1943.
Section 4 – The Allies Advance, continued
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1943, continued – Soviet (?) army pushes the Germans back from
Leningrad. In Stalingrad, the German army surrendered. Slowly, the
Russians pushed the Germans back through Eastern Europe.
Also, 1943 – Allies invade Italy and Italians overthrow Mussolini. Tough
fighting with German troops in Italy took the Allies a long time to work
their way through the country. Finally, on June 4, 1944, Allies freed
Rome – the first European capital freed from Nazi control.
Operation Overlord – D-Day
– General Eisenhower became commander of all Allied forces in
Europe. He would direct the Allied invasion of Europe.
– He built up an army, based in England, of almost 3 million troops.
– Germans knew an attack was coming, but did not know where.
They mined beaches along the coast and put up barbed wire on the
beaches. They had machine guns and concrete anti-tank walls.
– June 6, 1944 – D-day – 4,000 ships carried Allied troops to
Normandy Beach in France. Planes dropped soldiers by parachute.
Faced lots of German gunfire and many casualties, but they pushed
on.
August 25, 1944 – Allies freed Paris, the capital of France, from Nazi
rule. Within one month, all of France was free again.
Section 4 – The Allies Advance, continued
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Allies moving east toward
Germany after freeing France in
Sept 1944.
December 16, 1944, Germans
began a strong counterattack.
This created a bulge in the front
lines and so this was called The
Battle of the Bulge. This
slowed, but did not stop, the
Allied armies. Air Force – At
night, British planes dropped
bombs on German cities.
During the day, US planes
bombed factories and oil
refineries.
Meanwhile, back in the US, FDR
ran for, and won, a 4th term.
Early April, 1945, FDR had a
stroke and died after 12 years
as President. VP Harry Truman
took over.
• April 1945 – American troops
closing in on Berlin (?) from west,
Soviet troops from the east.
• April 30, 1945 – Hitler
committed suicide.
• May 7, 1945, Germany
surrendered.
• May 8, 1945 – V-E Day (?)
Section 5 – Final Victory
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After Germany surrendered, Allies turned their total attention to
defeating Japan.
Island hopping – the strategy that the US used of capturing some
Japanese-held islands while going around others. This way they could
head toward Japan while not having to take every island on the way.
By February, 1945, the US had retaken the Philippines and then took
over Iwo Jima and Okinawa, two islands just 350 miles from Japan.
Kamikaze – Japanese pilots who loaded old planes with bombs and
then crashed them into Allied ships (suicide missions).
By April, 1945, US forces close enough to carry out repeated attacks
against Japan. US bombed Japanese factories and cities. US
warships sank ships on the coast. Japanese leaders still not willing to
surrender. US made plans to invade Japan in the fall, figuring that an
invasion could cost 150,000 – 250,000 US casualties.
Late July, 1945, Truman, Churchill and Stalin met at Potsdam,
Germany. While there, Truman received a message from home that
scientists had successfully tested an atomic bomb. Allies sent a
warning to Japan to surrender or face “prompt and utter destruction”.
This is called the Potsdam Declaration. The Japanese ignored it.
Section 5 – Final Victory,
continued
• August 6, 1945 –
Enola Gay –
Hiroshima (?)
• August 9, 1945 –
Nagasaki.
• Japanese emperor
announces they will
surrender.
Aftereffects of A bomb
Section 5 – Final Victory, continued
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Costs of the war
– Estimated 30-60 million
people killed
– Bataan Death March – after
capturing the Philippines in
1942, Japanese forced
75,000 American and
Filipino prisoners to march
65 miles with little food or
water. About 10,000 died or
were killed during the march.
– Holocaust – the torture and
murder of more than 6
million Jews, and almost 6
million Poles, Slavs,
Gypsies, homosexuals and
the physically and mentally
handicapped.
Nuremberg Trials – 12 Nazi
leaders sentenced to death for
war crimes. Thousands of
others put in prison.