Transcript Powerpoint

WWII, COLD WAR,
KOREAN WAR
American History II - Unit 5
Ms. Brown
Review
• Why was the Battle of Midway considered a turning point for the Allies
in the Pacific?
• Once capturing Midway, the Allied forces began “island” hopping as they
captured islands progressing toward Japan
• Why was winning the Battle of Okinawa critical for the Allies?
• Okinawa was the last island before the consideration of an attack on Japan
(last stronghold)
• What was Truman’s attitude considering using the atomic bomb
against Japan?
• No hesitation – considered it a war weapon that’s use was justified
• What was decided at the Yalta Conference in 1945?
• Germany into 4 military zones // free elections in Poland and other Soviet
occupied nations // Stalin joined Allies in Pacific and the UN
• What was the impact of the Nuremberg Trials in 1945?
• People are responsible for their actions during war – “following orders” is
not an excuse.
• Model for the UDHR and the ICC
5.6 – WWII AMERICAN
HOMEFRONT
Industry Booms
• The WWII economy stopped
the Great Depression in its
tracks  increased economic
opportunities for many
Americans
• Unemployment as low as 1.2% in
1944
• Wages rose 10% during the war
• Long hours, overtime, night shifts
= more money and more savings
(less time to spend)  increased
sale of war bonds
Farmers Prosper
• Good weather
• Improved farming machinery and fertilizers
• Guaranteed price stability allowed for loan repayment or
elimination of debt
Women Workers
• 6M women in the
workforce in WWII
• Defense jobs paid better
than traditional women’s
jobs
• “The war really created
opportunities for women. It
was the first time we got a
chance to show that we
could do a lot of things that
only men had done
before.” – Winona
Espinosa, mother, riveter,
bus driver
Families
• Marriage boom (marry before
deployment)
• Women had new roles to fill,
along with traditional roles
• Child rearing, housekeeping,
working, budgeting
• Rise of childcare facilities
• Teenage delinquency due to
lack of supervision
• When fathers/husbands
returned, a period of painful
readjustment.
GI Bill
• 1944 – GI Bill of Rights
• Formal name:
Servicemen’s
Readjustment Act
• Help readjust GIs at home
• Education and training for
veterans
• Federal loans to veterans
to buy homes or farms
Civil Rights Protests
• During WWII - mass migration of African Americans to the
North, Midwest, and West  new job opportunities
• Met with resistance (despite service)
• 1942 – Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded by
James Farmer to confront racial segregation  first sit-in
in Chicago restaurant
Detroit Race Riot
• Detroit Race Riot
• 3 days in June 1943
• Fueled by rumors that…
• whites had murdered a black
woman and her child
• blacks had killed 17 whites
• Mayor and Governor praised
police for killing black rioters
• 9 whites, 25 blacks dead
• FDR sent federal troops to
calm riot  stayed for 6
months
LA Zoot Suit Riot
• Large Mexican American
population in Los Angeles
• wore “zoot suits” - long
jackets, pleated pants, broad
brimmed hats to symbolize
rebelling against tradition
• Summer 1943 – 11 sailors
claimed Mexican American
zoot-suiter attacked them
• Almost a week of mob
attacks on Mexican
Americans, stripping them
of clothes and beating
them senseless
Internment of Japanese Americans
• Large Japanese American population on the west coast
• After Pearl Harbor, Americans feared another Japanese
attack  fear of spies and espionage
• Starting in 1942 – wave of prejudiced gov’t actions
towards Japanese Americans
• War Department ordered Hawaii to evacuate all Japanese
Americans (37% of the population  General Emmons (military
Governor of Hawaii) refused because it would have hurt economy
• General Emmons eventually was forced to confine 1,444 Japanese
Americans in Hawaii (1%)
Internment of Japanese Americans
• Panic more severe on the
west coast mainland  US
military suggested
internment to protect
“national security”
• Feb. 19, 1942 – FDR issued
Executive Order 9066
• involuntary internment of
Japanese Americans in
California and parts of Oregon,
Washington, and Arizona
• Internment – confinement
Internment of Japanese Americans
• 110,000 Japanese Americans sent to “relocation
camps” (prison camps)
Internment of Japanese Americans
• 2/3 Nisei (2nd generation
Japanese Americans) 
American citizens!
• Remember… during wartime,
personal/individual freedoms and
rights are infringed upon
• No specific charges filed and
no espionage evidence found
 violates habeas corpus
(cannot be held without
charges or evidence)
Korematsu vs. US (1944)
• Background
• Fred Korematsu – Japanese American who refused to leave his
home in California in accordance with Exec. Order 9066
• Arrested and convicted of violating a military order
• ACLU expressed interest in appealing Korematsu’s conviction to
test the constitutionality of the Exec. Order
• Arguments
• Korematsu – Exec. Order 9066 violated the 5th Amendment (due
process clause) and the 14th Amendment (equal protection
regardless of race), went beyond the military powers of the POTUS
• US gov’t – internment was necessary to the war effort and national
security, the Constitution protects habeas corpus to an extent in
wartime
Korematsu v. US (1944)
• Decision – 6-3 in favor of US gov’t
• Established the “strict scrutiny” test for laws – any law or order that
discriminates on the basis of race or ethnicity is constitutional only
if its serves an extremely important and compelling purpose for the
gov’t
• In this case, the protection of national security was paramount and
justified the internment of a percentage of the population.
• FDR did not overstep his military powers as Commander in Chief
• Dissent
• Justice Murphy – the exclusion of Japanese “falls into the ugly
abyss of racism” and resembles “the abhorrent and despicable
treatment of minority groups the dictatorial tyrannies which this
nation is now pledged to destroy.”
Internment of Japanese Americans
• Japanese American Citizens
League (JACL) pushed for
compensation for those
interned
• 1965 – gov’t paid $38M (less
than 1/10 actual losses)
• 1988 – Reagan signed bill for
$20,000 to each remaining
internment victim
• 1990 – “We can never fully
right the wrongs of the past.
But we can take a clear stand
for justice and recognize that
serious injustices were done to
Japanese Americans during
World War II.” – Bush Sr. in
letter to victims with checks
SYSK: What was the deal with American
Japanese
internment
camps?
1. What event was the catalyst for suspicion directed towards Japanese Americans in 1941?
2. What was Executive Order 9066?
3. Why were Japanese Americans living mainly on the west coast targeted?
4. Describe the 1942 propaganda film.
Propaganda Film
5. Describe the internment camps. Appearance, facilities, etc.
6. How was the Japanese culture affected while in internment camps?
7. What types of questions did the release questionnaire ask?
8. Why would this questionnaire offend Japanese Americans? What did some Japanese
Americans do with their citizenship?
9. What year were the internment camps ended? In what kind of financial status did many
Japanese Americans leave the camps?
10. How does habeas corpus come into play concerning the internment?
WWII Song – Listen and read along with
the lyrics…
Hitler invades territories that once were German
England and France warn him “you have to stop”
HIs invasion of Poland starts a war
And now he’s learning
That Blitzkrieg though Belgium, through France
Might knock the Allies out
Who will be the greatest generation
If he builds an army
Under the cover of depression
And ignores Versailles?
Appeasement leads us to diplomacy
Not action, while we
Are isolationist but can’t deny
Our time to arrive
(With isolation gone, we’re here to survive)
Imperial Japan invades Sou-Southeast Asia
The US responds with embargo
Well, Japan needs the resources
Our military, an obstacle
They attack Pearl Harbor
We say goodbye isolation, hello war - hello war!
Who will be the greatest generation
If he builds an army
Under the cover of depression
And ignores Versailles?
Appeasement leads us to diplomacy
Not action, while we
Are isolationist but can’t deny
Our time to arrive
(With isolation gone, we’re here to survive)
We’re island hopping in Pacific Theatres
To move us closer to that Japanese boarder
But a second European front is in order
To stop - Axis expansion starting in Africa now
We’re pushing north
Allies are holding their ground
D-Day amasses - the troops to surround
Germany is overextended, underfunded
Their last offensive fails
Yea, Battle of the Bulge
Now that Germany is done we have the Manhattan Project
Japan gets 2 atomic bombs
Then World War II is won