Transcript Totalitarian States

World War II
Mussolini
• Italy pre 1914 was a poor, constitutional
monarchy with universal male suffrage
• Tense Church-State relations
• Class differences were great and a
revolutionary socialist group had emerged
that opposed the war from the start.
• Workers and peasants as well as nationalists
all mad
• Russian Rev an inspiration, Catholics in gov
Mussolini
• out of this chaos comes Benito Mussolini
“El Duce”
• Socialist newspaper editor
• Pro- war 1914
• Unites angry vets after the war
• Becomes popular for bashing Socialists
• Victor Emmanuel makes him Prime
Minister, but he marches on Rome anyways
Mussolini’s Regime
• 2/3s Law
• Matteotti murder
• 1926 “Everything in the state, nothing
outside the state, nothing against the state.”
• 1 Party, but not totalitarian
– compromised with old conservatives and
Catholics
• Lateran Agreement of 1929
• Women’s rights and anti-Jewish legislation
Lenin to Stalin
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1921 Lenin had won civil war
Country destroyed
War Communism to NEP
Heavy Industry, RRs, banks still nationalized
NEP good move politically
Lenin dies 1924 struggle for power between Stalin
and Trotsky
• 1922-1927 Stalin will gain control (3 ways)
5 Year Plans
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Goals of “2nd Revolution”
Replace capitalist NEP
Agricultural and Industrial plans
Peasants biggest problem for Soviet Union
and Russia
Peasants
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Gotten land now get collectivization
Kulaks really and what it becomes to mean
Peasant response
Purpose of Collectivization
10 Million die because of this, but Ukraine
is the worst hit-nationalism
• % collectivized
Industrialization
• Success of industrialization
• Reasons Industrialization happened so
quickly
1) 1/3 of all income spent here
2) firm discipline
3) foreign engineers
Life and Culture in Stalin’s
Russia
Tough Lifeshortages, food, purchasing power, housing
not hopeless though
Positives
free medical services, pensions
education the key to progress
new elite class formed
Life and Culture in Stalin’s
Russia cont.
WomenMarxists talked of women being exploited
1917 Revolution allows divorce
Now education and work big changes
Culture
for the state
newspapers, films,
Stalin everywhere, but nowhere
Terror and Purges
Civil War then Kulaks now potentially
everyone
1932 Stalin’s wife
1934 Kirov
1936 and 1937 Show Trials and Purges
1.5 million new party recruits
Reasons?
Threat? Warning? Totalitarian? Followers?
The Life of Hitler
Austrian
Lueger
Loss of WWI hurts Hitler personally
Takes over National Socialist German
Workers Party
Arrest in late 1923 leads Hitler to take
power legally
Election Results
How districts work
Coalitions
Chancellor 1930 Bruning
1932 von Papen
8/9/1932 Potempa Incident
11/1932 Schleicher
Hitler
Why Hitler won 5 reasons:
Reichstag Fire
The Nazi State and Society
1 Party system
Disorganized politically, Hitler thrives in this
Economically-Nazi Labor Front
Publishing Houses, professional groups, art and
architecture all regulated
Only the army independent, until…
Hitler
Night of the Long Knives June 30, 1934
Roehm, SA, Stormtroopers, Brown Shirts all
purges
Himmler builds loyal SS
Jews always being persecuted
Jews
Nordic peoples, French Latin relations, then
Slavs
teeth and shoes
Shower rooms
Police Battalions
Daniel Goldhagen
Hitler’s Popularity
Public Works Projects
1936 Rearmament
Unemployment
Standard of Living
Equality
Nationalism
Political Enemiescommunists, socialists, unionists ,
Catholics-Reich Concordat
Aggression and Appeasement
Fights Versailles and Lacarno
Oct 1933 League of Nations
July 1934 Austrian Chancellor killed
March 1935 “unequal armament treaty”
GB goes appeasement Anglo-German Naval
Agreement
Early 1935 Mussolini in Abbysinia
*March 7, 1936 Takes Rhineland
Aggression and Appeasement
1936 Spanish Civil War
Soviets help Republic
Axis Powers Franco and Fascism
Late 1937 Hitler makes plans for Austria
and Czechoslovakia
March 1938 Nazis put in office in Austria
by Schuschnigg
Sept 30, 1938 Sudentenland
given away
“Peace in our lifetime”
March 1939 rest of Czechoslovakia
Demands for Danzig
August 1939 Non-aggression Pact
September 1, 1939 invades Poland
Blitzkrieg
Soviets take east
Spring 1940 Denmark, Norway, Holland and
Belgium
The Rest of Europe
Summer 1940 France falls, Petain/Vichy
Battle of Britain (Africa)
Airfields and Factories in Sept cities
April 1941 Greece and Yugoslavia, plus
allies with Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria
Japan doing the same thing July Indochina
then US
June 1941 Attacks Soviet Union which
begins Final Solution
The Grand Alliance
US, GB, SU Why successful?
1) Compromise
2) Arsenals
3) Nazi-resistance
The Tide of Battle
July 1942 German Offensive on Stalingrad
Nov 1942 Soviet counterattack
Late 1942 Pacific Battles turn
May 1942 El Alamein in Egypt
Spring 1943 Italy attacked, Sept surrenders
June 6, 1944 D-Day
August 1944 Soviets outside of Warsaw
May 7, 1945 Hitler commits suicide
August 6, 9 Bombs on Japan