Transcript Canada - The 20`s, 30`s and WWII

Canada - The 20’s, 30’s and
WWII
The 1920’s
We had commenced our great adventure. We lived in a continuous
blaze of enthusiasm. We were at times very serious and concerned,
at other times hilarious and carefree. Above all, we loved this
country and loved exploring and painting it. Lawren S. Harris
La Cloche #2
Franklin Carmichael
Last Gleam, North Shore Lawren Stewart Harris
Sitka by Emily Carr
A. Social Changes after WWI
Beaver Swamp
by Lawren Harris
1.
2.
3.
Art - Canadian themes are to be valued
>Group of Seven (Canadian Landscapes)
>Emily Carr (B.C. Landscapes & Aboriginals
Inventions
>Radio, Airplane & Car HE SHOOTS, HE SCORES!
Immigration
>Between 1915 to 1925 perhaps 400 000 people leave
Canada; barriers to European immigration lowered
B. Growth of Canadian
Independence
• 1919 The Paris Peace Conferences and the Treaty
of Versailles
-Canada is an independent signatory with its
own seat in the League of Nations
• 1922 The Chanak Crisis
-CDN parliament will decide whether or not to
participate; 1st time Canada refuses unconditional
support for imperial war policies
B. Growth of Canadian
Independence (Cont’d)
• 1926 The Imperial Conference
-Balfour Report acknowledges dominions are
autonomous; ‘a colony had become a nation’
• 1931 The Statute of Westminster
-recognizes in law the Imperial Conference;
Canada a sovereign state in the British
Commonwealth of nations
Can you say, ‘shut down, denied, rejected.’
1926 King-Byng Crisis
-Governor General Byng refuses to dissolve Parliament at King’s
request
wise."
"Wine is a mocker,
Strong drink is raging:
And whosoever is deceived thereby
Is not
--PROVERBS XX, 1
get a wiggle on: get a move on, get going.
teenager: not a common term until 1930; before then, the term was "young adults."
Get Hot! Get Hot!: encouragement for a hot dancer doing her thing.
choice bit of calico: attractive female, student.
daddy: a young woman's boyfriend or lover, especially if he's rich.
drugstore cowboy: A well-dressed man who loiters in public areas
trying to pick up women.
hair of the dog (1925): a shot of alcohol.
speakeasy: a bar selling illeagal liquor.
Coffin varnish: bootleg liquor, often poisonous..
Al Capone
We want women leaders today as never before. Leaders
who are not afraid to be called names and who are willing
to go out and fight. I think women can save civilization.
Women are persons.” - Emily Murphy - 1931
The "Famous Five": Emily Murphy, Louise McKinney,
Irene Parlby, Nellie McClung, Henrietta Muir Edwards
C. Role of Women
• Role of Women had changed drastically
-increasingly controlled own lives
-held ‘men’s’ jobs, shorter skirts, shocking
bathing suits, scandalous dance
• Prohibition (ban on all production, sale and
consumption of alcohol; March ‘18 to Dec.
‘19)
-pushed by women’s groups
-decrease in social woes, increase in organized
crime; many loopholes
C. Role of Women (Cont’d)
• 1921 Agnes Macphail first female MP
• 1929 The Famous Five and the Persons Case
(Remember: Right to Vote in Federal Election in 1918, but not all provinces until 1940)
– The Issue: Does the word ‘person’ of the BNA Act
include females?
• 1927 Supreme Court of Canada says ‘No’
• 1928 Appeal (with help of PM King) to British Privy Council
• 1229 Privy Council responds, “to those who would ask why
the word ‘person’ should include females, the obvious answer
is, why should it not?”
D. Unions …The folks that brought you the weekend.
-1919 no unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, or
pensions
-1919 despite the RED SCARE (don’t forget the Bolsheviks and
1917) Winnipeg General Strike 30, 000 workers walk off the job
followed by sympathy strikes across the country (demands
included: eight-hour work day, higher pay, right to collective
bargaining )
-->June 21st 1919 Bloody Saturday -RCMP charges strikers
The 1930’s
A. Causes of the Great
Depression
1. Overproduction
-stockpiled goods go unsold
-factory owners lay off workers
-less money to spend on goods, so
sales slow down even more…
The Business Cycle (Economic Cycle)
-is a normal part of the economy
1. Prosperity -high
employment, inflation
3. Recovery -production increases due
to consumer demand, new jobs
2. Recession
-employment
drops, production
reduced
Depression: prolonged and severe recession; Deflation may
occur, wages drop faster than prices
A. Causes of the Great
Depression (Cont’d)
2. Canada’s Reliance on Exporting Staple Products
(crops, timber, minerals)
-1925 - 1929 record crops and prices, but in
1929 U.S.A., Argentina and Australia have
record crops = competition
3. Canada’s Dependence on the U.S.A.
-40% of all exports
4. Economic Protectionism and Tariffs
5. International Debt after WWI
-countries indebted to U.S.A. unable to pay
due to reduced trade
A. Causes of the Great
Depression (Cont’d)
6. The Stock Market Crash
-Black Tuesday, October 29th 1929
-People buying on margin, speculation
-Value of several key stocks on TSE
dropped by $1 000 000/minute
B. Responses to the Depression
•
The U.S.A.
-Franklin Delano Roosevelt (my favourite president)
implements The New Deal
Goodbye laissez faire, hello Mr.
John Maynard Keynes!
Keynes called for deficit financing. This is where government
expenditures can exceed its revenue. The result is not a Balanced
Budget, but a deficit. What would your banker say?
Keynes called for projects of value, not just make-work schemes
eg//roads, hydroelectric dams.
Most countries ignored his ideas, but not U.S.A., Germany, Japan
B. Responses to the Depression
-P.M. King •
wouldn’t 1.
2.
give a
provincial
tory
government
a ‘five cent
1.
piece’
2.
-Bennett
elected in
1930
-King reelected
in1935
Canada
Riding the Rails
Pogey - deliberately kept lower than the lowest paying
jobs
Note: Prairies hit particularly hard; Dust Bowl
Unemployment Relief Camps - room, board & $0.20/day
Bennett’s New Deal
-progressive taxation, max. hours in a work week,
minimum wage, stronger regulation of working
conditions, unemployment insurance, revised old age
pension plan, marketing board to regulate wheat prices
5. On-to-Ottawa Trek and the Regina Riot
Rioters atop railroad cars, others
climbing, police and others below.
King sitting in his study, 1932.
My government: Prime Minister
Bennett presiding over his cabinet,
every face his .
King sitting in a Bennett Buggy: the
body of an automobile hitched to a
horse.
C. Collapse and Consequences
of the Great Depression
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unemployment - 25% in most industrialized
countries;remember no safety net & think about the
business cycle
Banking Failures - businesses and farms go bankrupt,
then banks (6000 in U.S.A.)
Political Consequences - “People who are hungry and
are out a job are the stuff of which dictatorships are
made.” FDR
-in Canada Canadian Co-operative Federation (later
to be NDP) and Social Credit Party
Changing Role of Government -Laissez Faire is dead,
hello government control of economy (tax, monetary
ie/interest rates, and fiscal ie/gov’t expenditures policies
Note: The Prairies were hit
particularly hard. Dust storms,
locusts, wheat rust, low wheat
prices….
World War Two 1939 - 1945
Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles,
Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Versailles
Italy
Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943.
• Benito Mussolini forms a
political party called
Fascisti
• 1922 Musolini’s March
on Rome, King Emanual
surrenders government
w/o a single shot
Goodbye democracy, Hello
dictatorship. And the
people wanted it!
• 1935 Ethiopia invaded
Can you say totalitarianism?
Germany
1. 1923-24 inflation now
hyper-inflation (12
billion mark = $CDN 1
2. 1923 Hitler’s beerhall
putsch in Munich
3. 1919 - 1933 Germany a
democracy; Weimar
Republic, Disliked by
most Germans &blamed
for Treaty of Versailles
Rules Germany 1933 - 45
Hitler and the Nazi Party
The bleachers of the Berlin stadium to spell out ‘We belong to you’ May 1, 1939
• Extreme Nationalism, Anti-Democratic, Anti-Semitism
(Jews = scapegoat), Restore Germany’s Military Might
• 1932 Hitler appointed Chancellor
• Feb. 1933 just short of a majority, NAZI party bans
communists from Reichstag, coerces Reichstag to pass
Enabling Act
Goodbye democracy, Hello dictatorship. And the people wanted it!
Nazi Germany Under Hitler
• Germany totalitarian state
• June 1934 Night of the Long Knives, 1000 ‘enemies of
the state’ murdered
• 1933 - 39 Nuremburg Law
Jews: Star of David, Lost Citizenship and Property,
not allowed to mingle with ‘German’ population
• Nov. 9, 1939 Kristallnacht, (night of broken glass)
• Re-militarization
• Gestapo and Heil Hitler (Fuhrer)
Can you say totalitarianism?
Hitler (January 30th, 1939):
''In the course of my life I have very often been a prophet, and
have usually been ridiculed for it. During the time of my struggle
for power, it was in the first instance the Jewish race that
received my prophecies with laughter - when I said that I would
one day take over the leadership of the State, and with it that of
the whole nation, and that I would then, among many other
things, settle the Jewish problem. I think that for some time now
they have been laughing on the other side of their face
(laughter). Today I will once more be a prophet. If the
international Jewish financiers, inside and outside Europe,
succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war,
then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and
thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race
in Europe!'
Soviet Union
• 1928 Stalin consolidates
control of communist
parrty.
• Five year Plans
-collectivize farms, invest
in heavy industry, Great
Terror (millions killed
during 1930’s)
1935
Can you say totalitarianism?
A. Causes of WWII in Europe
Fundamental Causes
• Treaty of Versailles
• The Great Depression
• Rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Party
• Failure of League of Nations
• Ultranationalism
• Unwillingness of democratic governments to
intervene
B. Pre-WWII TIMELINE
-1936 - 39 Appeasement Policy
-March ‘36 Hitler occupies Rhineland
-’36-’39 Spanish Civil War (Test run of Blitzkreig)
-March’38 Annexation of Austria
-October ‘38 Sudetenland exchanged for
peace
-March ‘39 Invasion of
Czechoslovakia
August 23rd, 1939 Germany and Soviet Union sign Non-Aggression Pact
(Ribbentrop Pact)
C. Timeline of WWII
Events of 1939
1 September
Hitler invades Poland
3 September
France and Britain Declare War
10 September
Canada Declares War
-P.M. King promises no conscription
October 1939 - April 1940 Phony war (despite Poland &Czechoslovakia)
Events of 1940
May
-German 'Blitzkrieg'
-Churchill becomes Prime Minister of Britain
- British Expeditionary Force evacuated from Dunkirk (MAP)
-France falls
Canada now Britain’s greatest Ally, can you tell me why?
-The Blitz British victory in Battle of Britain
Events of 1941
June
-Operation Barbarossa lebensraum, destroy communism
So much for the Non-Aggression Pact…
Battle of the Atlantic
• Longest campaign of WWII; control of shipping
lanes between North America & Britain
• By 1941 U-boat wolfpacks sinking Allied ships
faster than they could be built (21 ships sunk in St.
Lawrence river)
• By 1943 Allies winning battle
• Arguably Canada’s most decisive contribution to
war
– Convoys guarded by RCAF & Royal Canadian Navy
(Corvettes, Sonar)
– Navy 13 ships & 3 000 soldiers to 270 & 100 000),
Merchant Marines
Dec. -Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, US enters the war
Canada defeated at Hong Kong
-
Events of 1942
-Germany suffers setbacks at Stalingrad and El Alamein
- genocide begins at Auschwitz x2 (Final Solution Timeline)
June - Battle of Midway, turning point in Pacific War
Aug. -DIEPPE
-900 dead, 1000 wounded, 1900 POW’s
-greatest single day loss for Canada of WWII
Events of 1943
-Stalingrad, decisive turning point of Eastern Front
-Allied victory in North Africa
-Italy invaded (Canada very involved), ‘44 Northern Italy
falls
Events of 1944
-Soviet offensive gathers pace in Eastern Europe
-D Day, Operation Overlord, Juno Beach
Spring -U.S.A. island hopping to Okinawa
Aug. -Paris liberated
Events of 1945
May 5 -Canadians liberate Holland
-Auschwitz liberated by Soviets
-Soviets 1st tp Berlin, Hitler commits suicide
May 7 -Germany surrenders, V-E Day
Aug. 14 -Japan surrenders V-J Day after atomic bombs are
dropped on Hiroshima (78 000 dead) and Nagasaki
(35 000 dead)
Events of 1945 Wartime Conferences, 1946 Nuremburg Trials
D. THE CANADIAN HOMEFRONT
"Here in the galleys life was joyous, with the girls singing,
amazingly agreeable under their hanging pots and sieves.
"— Pegi Nicol MacLeod, 1944
A. The Role of Women
1. Overseas
• 1941 1st time in history official women’s
branches of the CDN army
-by war’s end 46 000 CDN women served
overseas: cooks, mechanics, welders,
radar operators, pilots (Ferry Command),
coastal defences
-SOE (Special Operations Executive); secret
agents in France
A. The Role of Women (cont’d)
2. Women on the Homefront
• 1944 Factories operate 12 hours/7 days &
1 000 000 women in workforce
• Hold same jobs as men, but paid less; after
war expected to go back into the home
B.
Production
-total war effort paid for by war bonds, taxes & gold
payments from England
C.
Propaganda
D.
Canadian Training Facilities
-British Commonwealth Air Training Plan; by end of war
130 000 air personnel trained
-Camp X (sorry top secret, if I told you I’d have to kill you)
E.
Conscription
‘39 PM King promises, ‘no conscription,’ but by ‘42
plebiscite; Can you guess the result? I’ll take mine strained,
not broken.
F. Enemy Aliens
• 100 000 CDNS forced
to register
• Anti-Semitism in
Canada
-‘38 St. Louis went
Germany-CubaFlorida-Canada
-907 Jews turned away
‘None is too many’
F. Enemy Aliens (cont’d)
• Japanese Internment
• ‘42 after Pearl Harbour
• Japanese Canadians must
decide: deportation or
internment camps
• 22 000 chose internment
(14 000 born in Canada)
• ‘43 Custodian of Aliens
Act
• ‘44 leave B.C. or be
deported
• ‘88 Compensation; CDN
gov’t pays 21 000/
survivor
G. Technology
•
•
•
•
Planes & Tanks
RADAR & SONAR
Rockets & Jet Engines (developed by Germany)
Atomic Bomb (Manhatten Project)
"The release of atom power has changed everything
except our way of thinking...the solution to this problem lies in
the heart of mankind. If only I had known, I should have become
a watchmaker.”
-Einstein
H. Canada After WWII
1. Economic Effects
– By ‘45 CDN economy booming, despite war
debt of $10 billion
– Manufacturing and industry overtakes
agriculture
H. Canada after WWII (Cont’d)
2. Political Effects
-Canada established as Middle Power
-CDN Troops recognized for contributions
(Dieppe, Hong Kong, Normandy and Liberation
of Holland)
-social safety net strengthened
-minorities’ contributions advance civil rights
movement in Canada
H. Canada after WWII (Cont’d)
3. Social Effects
-women achieve greater recognition
-Canada becomes a more tolerant nation as over
500 000 newcomers (many of them refugees)
come through Pier 21 in Halifax (including 48
000 War Brides,
22 000 children)
-‘Baby Boom’
-42 000 dead
"He who joyfully marches to
music rank and file, has already
earned my contempt. He has
been given a large brain by
mistake, since for him the spinal
cord would surely suffice. This
disgrace to civilization should be
done away with at once. Heroism
at command, how violently I hate
all this, how despicable and
ignoble war is; I would rather be
torn to shreds than be a part of
so base an action. It is my
conviction that killing under the
cloak of war is nothing but an act
of murder.” -Einstein
Can you say Cold War? I knew you could.
Blitzkrieg - Lightning War
1. Airforce attacks enemy front-line and rear positions, main roads, airfields
and communication centers.
2. Concentrated tank units breakthrough main lines of defense and
advance deeper into enemy territory, while infantry engages enemy to
misinformed.
3. Mechanized groups spearhead deeper into the enemy territory
outflanking the enemy positions and paralyzing the rear preventing
withdrawing troops and defenders from establishing effective defensive
positions.
4. Main force links up with other units encircling and cutting off the enemy.
To understand how effective it really is, one must realize
that the Blitzkrieg is still used by nearly every army in the
world today.