Transcript ch. 26 lecture - La Habra High School

Chapter 26
The Futile Search for a New Stability:
Europe Between the Wars,
1919 - 1939
An Uncertain Peace: Search for Security
Weaknesses of the League of Nations
U.S. did not join
Only weapon against aggression was economic sanctions
U.S. & G.B didn’t form defensive alliances with France
The French Policy of Coercion (1919 – 1924)
Desire for strict enforcement the Treaty of Versailles
France forms alliance with Little Entente (Czech, Yugoslavia,
Romania)
Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 $33 billion
Paid in annual installments of 2.5 billion gold marks
Germany unable to pay in 1922
French occupation of the Ruhr Valley
• Chief industrial & mining center
• German government begins printing money to pay debt
German mark fall to 4.2 trillion to $1, end of November 1923
The Little
Entente
France
allies with
Czech,
Yugoslavia,
& Romania
Possible Test Question
French policy toward a defeated Germany
following World War I was guided by all of
the following except
A strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles.
Occupation of German industries in the Ruhr
Valley.
A strict collection of Germany’s war
reparations.
A policy of passive resistance under Raymond
Poincare.
The establishment of a series of alliances with
the new states of Eastern Europe.
The Hopeful Years (1924 – 1929)
Dawes Plan, 1924
• Reduced reparations on Germany’s ability to pay
• $200 million loan for German recovery (from U.S.)
• Led to more investment from U.S.
Treaty of Locarno, 1925
• Guaranteed Germany’s new western borders with France &
Belgium
• Spirit of Locarno – viewed as the start of a new era in
European peace
• Germany is admitted into the League of Nations
• 1924-1929 – growing spirit of optimism for a peaceful future
Coexistence with Soviet Union
• Western countries established diplomatic relations with the
new communist government
Possible Test Question
The treaty of 1925 that guaranteed France
and Belgium’s postwar boundaries was
called the
Pact of Paris.
Kellogg-Briand Treaty.
Dawes Plan.
Milan Treaty.
Locarno Pact.
The Great Depression
Problems in domestic economies
Loan debt, strength of unions, & trade tariffs
International financial crisis
Crash of the American stock market, October 1929
• American investors pulled $ out of European
markets to cope with losses in American Stock
market
Downturn in domestic economies
• Overproduction causes a drop in agricultural prices
(wheat)
• Cheaper energy sources (oil & electricity) lead to a
slump in coal industry
Unemployment
Germany 40%, Britain & U.S. 25%
Banks failed, industrialists scaled back production
Possible Test Question
A major cause of the Great Depression in Europe
was
European governments were too involved in their own
economies.
The recall of American loans from European markets.
The underproduction and high prices of agricultural
goods in eastern and central Europe.
The inability of the League of Nations to set
complementary economic policies different global
markets.
Weimar Germany’s high tariff policies that prohibited
trade with other nations.
Social Repercussions
Women obtained menial jobs as servants &
housekeepers
Men remained unemployed & grew resentful (opens the
door for dynamic leaders to influence them)
Powerlessness of Governments
Governments became more involved in
economy (end of laissez-faire)
Growing trend of communism
Overall effect of the Great Depression in
Europe was a rise in authoritarian movements
The Democratic States
Great Britain
Labour Party failed to solve problems
Coalition (Liberals & Conservatives) claimed credit for
prosperity
• Got them out of the worst stages of the depression
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)
• Keynes says the government should create jobs
(public works)
• Deficit spending would create jobs and thereby
increase demand for goods
France
Conservative National Bloc government led by
Raymond Poincare
• Took a hard stance against Germany (reparations & Ruhr
occupation)
Could not solve financial problems (Poincare stabilized
the economy from 1926-1929)
Great Depression brought political chaos
Popular Front (coalition of Socialists & Radicals) was
formed in 1936 out of fear of extremists
• French “New Deal” – Established 40 hour work week,
collective bargaining, two week vacations, & minimum wage
• Policies helped a little but failed to solve the problems of the
Depression
Possible Test Question
The first Popular Front government in
France
Solved the depression by eliminating workers’
benefits.
Gave ordinary workers new rights and benefits
including a minimum wage.
Was responsible for solving the problems of the
depression.
Collapsed in 1926, allowing Raymond
Poincare’s Cartel of the Left to take power.
Remained in power until the German invasion
of 1942.
The United States
Herbert Hoover, (1929-1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt, (1933-1945)
• New Deal
 Provided social reforms that helped avert a possible social
revolution
• Public works projects
 Brought partial economic recovery
• World War II ends the depression
 Full employment to do wartime industries
Possible Test Question
Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal policies in
the United States
Were successful by 1933.
Virtually eliminated unemployment.
Brought about government ownership of most
industries.
Brought about a partial economic recovery, but
full employment did not result until WWII
rearmament in the economy.
Were all declared unconstitutional by the
Supreme Court.
European States and the World: Colonial Empires
Despite WWI, Europeans kept their colonial
empires
France & G.B. even added to theirs by dividing
Germany’s colonial possession
Political and social foundations and the selfconfidence of European imperialism was
undermined during the 1920s and 1930s.
Rising tide of unrest in Asia and Africa against
imperialism
Increasing worker activism, rural protest, rising
national fervor
The Middle East
Division of Ottoman Empire
• New regimes in Turkey & Iran
• European influence remained strong in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan
& Palestine
Turkey
• Colonel Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk – “Father Turk”) (1923)
• Made a conscious effort to adopt a Westernized secular culture
after WWI
India
Mohandas Gandhi (1869 – 1948)
Used civil disobedience against British imperialism to win self rule
for India
Africa
Protest movements
Demands for independence from colonial rule came from Africans
who were educated in Europe and the United States
Possible Test Question
All of the following are correct about the
European nations and their colonial empires
during the interwar years except
Despite World War I, the Europeans had kept their
colonial empires in tact.
Britain and France had added to their empires by
dividing up many of Germany’s colonial possessions.
The political and social foundations and the selfconfidence of European imperialism was strengthened
during the 1920s and 1930s.
The political and social foundations and the selfconfidence of European imperialism was undermined
during the 1920s and 1930s.
There was a rising tide of unrest in the colonial world
against Western imperialism.
Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and
Totalitarian States
Totalitarianism
By 1939 only France and Great Britain are only
major democratic states in Europe
Totalitarianism regimes in Germany, Italy, &
the Soviet Union Hoped to control every aspect
of their citizens’ lives
The modern totalitarian state
•
•
•
•
Active commitment of citizens
Mass propaganda techniques
High speed communication – radio, film
Led by single leader and single party
Fascist Italy
Impact of World War I
Italians angry over failure to receive territory after World War I
• Received Trieste, wanted Fiume & Dalmatia (went to Yugoslavia)
• Fascist movement aided by nationalistic resentment toward Italy’s
treatment following WWI
Birth of Fascism
Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)
Growth of the socialist party – largest party spoke of a revolution
Squadristi, armed bands of Fascists who used violence to
intimidate enemies
• attacked socialist offices & newspapers
Fascist movement gains support from industrialists (squadristi
were breaking up strikes, protecting capitalism)
March on Rome, 1922
• King Victor Emmanuel made Mussolini Prime Minister
• The next day, Mussolini’s blackshirts marched on Rome to give the
illusion of a military take over
• Italy becomes the first fascist state in Europe
Possible Test Question
The growth of Mussolini’s Fascist
movement was aided by
The inability of the parliamentary parties to
form permanent government.
Popular, nationalistic resentment toward Italy’s
treatment following World War I.
Crop failures in 1920 and 1921.
Economic cooperation between Italy, Germany,
and the Soviet Union.
The fall of the Italian monarchy and the
establishment of a workers’ dictatorship.
Mussolini and the Italian Fascist State
Fascist Government
All parties outlawed, 1926 – Fascist dictatorship
established
Government censorship enforced by OVRA – secret police
Mussolini’s view of a Fascist state
Unity, values, state above all else
“Mussolini is always right!” – propaganda slogan
Young Fascists
Program to indoctrinate young people to fascist ideals
Family is the pillar of the state
Reinforced stereotypes about women
Women should stay home and make babies
Mussolini’s Fascist Italy never achieves the degree of
totalitarianism like Germany or Soviet Union
Lateran Accords, February 1929
Established Vatican City
Provided Funding
Established Catholicism as the state religion
Possible Test Question
The Lateran Accords of 1929
Nationalized all church property.
Recognized Catholicism as the sole religion in
Italy.
Marked the Catholic church’s official
condemnation of the Fascist state.
Eliminated government support for the Catholic
church.
Turned the property of the Vatican over to the
Italian government in exchange for the tax
reductions.
Hitler and Nazi Germany
Weimar Germany
No outstanding leaders
Paul von Hindenberg elected president, 1925
Great Depression
The Emergence of Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
Vienna
• Influenced by politics & ideology (anti-semitism & German
nationalism)
Moved to Munich & fought for Germany in WWI
The Rise of the Nazis
German Workers’ Party
• Took control of party
• Renamed it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP),
1921 (Nazis)
Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops
Hitler and Nazi Germany (cont)
The Nazi Seizure of Power
Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923
• Attempted takeover of Germany, modeled after Mussolini’s
fascist takeover of Italy
Hitler imprisoned
• Wrote Mein Kampf, (My Struggle)
 Autobiography outlining Hitler’s ideology of Aryan
supremacy & anti-Semitism
• Lebensraum (living space) (linked to Social
Darwinism)
Reorganization of the party
New strategies
• Focused on taking power through constitutional means
Nazi party largest in the Reichstag after 1932 election
• Successful in making the Nazi party appeal to all segments of
German society
Support from right-wing elites
Becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933
Reichstag fire, February 27, 1933
Successes in 1933 election
Enabling Act, March 23, 1933
• Amendment to the Weimar Constitution
• Provided legal basis for Hitler’s acts
Gleichschaltung, coordination of all institutions under
Nazi control
Night of the Long Knives
• Hitler has Ernst Rohm and other SA leaders killed
President Paul von Hindenburg dies, August 2, 1934
Possible Test Question
The German president at the time of Hitler’s
maneuvers to gain political power over
Germany was
Heinrich Bruning.
Paul von Hindenberg.
Franz von Papen.
Herman Goring.
Friedrich Ebert.
The Nazi State (1933-1939)
Parliamentary republic dismantled
Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create
collective fellowship
Nuremberg was the largest annual demonstration
Constant rivalry in politics gives Hitler power
Economics and the drop in unemployment
Controlled the working class through mandatory
membership in Nazi-sponsored German Labor Front
Helped the economy by government spending rearming
Germany
Heinrich Himmler and the SS
Controlled the secret police and later the death camps
Carried out the racial and terrorist policies of the Nazis
Used the SS for terror & ideology
Churches, schools, and universities brought under
Nazi control
Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) and Bund deutscher
Mädel (League of German Maidens)
Influence of Nazi ideas on working women
Expected to be housewives and child bearers
Aryan Racial State
Nuremberg laws, September 1935
• Separated Jews from Germans politically, socially & legally
Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938
• Organized riots against Jewish businesses and synagogues
Restrictions on Jews
Possible Test Question
Hitler’s anti-Semitic policies in the 1930s
Included the Nuremberg laws, which centered
on the forced emigration of all Jews from
Germany.
Were emulated in France by the Popular Front.
Did not exclude Jews from legal, medical, and
teaching positions.
Would remain minimal and unorganized until
World War II.
Reached their most violent phase during
Kristallnacht, with attacks on Jewish homes,
businesses, and synagogues.
The Soviet Union
New Economic Policy
Modified form of the capitalist system (NEP)
Peasants and small show keepers could sell products
Saved economy from collapse
Union of Socialist Republics established, 1922
Revived economy
Lenin suffers strokes, (1922-1924)
Division
Leon Trotsky
• Military leader
• Goes into hiding after Stalin takes over
Joseph Stalin
• General Party Secretary – appointed regional Communist
positions, which aided his emergence as the leader of the
Communist party
Possible Test Question
Lenin’s New Economic Policy in the early
1920s
Put Russia on the path of rapid industrialization
at the expense of the peasantry.
Was a modified form of the capitalist system.
Forced Communism to move forward as both
industry and agriculture were nationalized.
Failed to reverse the patterns of famine and
industrial collapse that began in 1921.
Established giant collective farms.
The Stalinist Era, (1929-1939)
First Five Year Plan, 1928
Emphasis on industry
Real wages declined
Use of propaganda
Rapid collectivization of agriculture
Famine of 1932-1933; 10 million peasants died
Political Control
Stalin’s dictatorship established, 1929
Political purge, 1936-1938;
• Millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent to
force labor camps in Siberia.
• 8 million arrested, millions never returned
Possible Test Question
The Stalinist era in the 1930s witnessed
The decline of industrialization in favor of the
collectivization of agriculture.
Real wages and social conditions for the
industrial labor force improve dramatically.
Millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent
into force labor camps.
An abundance of permissive social legislation.
An activist foreign and military policy, bent
upon immediately making Eastern Europe a
satellite region to the Soviet Union.
Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe
Conservative Authoritarian Governments
Dominant form of government in Eastern Europe in
1920s and 1930s
Eastern Europe
Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
adopted parliamentary systems
• Czechoslovakia is the only eastern European nation
to maintain political democracy in the 1930s
Romania and Bulgaria gained new parliamentary
constitutions
Greece became a republic
Hungary parliamentary in form; controlled by landed
aristocrats
Problems
Little or no tradition of liberalism and parliamentary
form
Rural and agrarian society
Ethnic conflicts
Possible Test Question
The dominant form of government in
Eastern Europe in the 1920s and 1930s was
Authoritarianism.
Russian Soviet-style Communism.
Parliamentary democracy.
Christian Socialism.
Totalitarian Fascism.
Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula
General Miguel Primo de Rivera and the End of
Parliamentary Government (1923)
The Spanish Civil War
The Popular Front – anti-fascist group
General Francisco Franco (1892 – 1975)
• Fascist military leader
Foreign intervention
• Popular Front gets supplies from Soviets
• Franco gets supplies and military help from Germany & Italy
Franco emerges victorious (March 28, 1939)
• Establishes a conservative, authoritarian, and anti-democratic regime
backed by the Spanish Catholic Church
The Franco Regime
Traditional, conservative, dictatorship
Portugal
Antonio Salazar (1889 – 1970)
Finance Minister and leader of military group that overthrows the
government
Expansion of Mass Culture and
Mass Leisure
The Roaring Twenties
Decade named for its exuberant culture
Berlin, the entertainment center of Europe
Josephine Baker (1906-1975)
American Jazz singer
Became the symbol for the flapper generation
Jazz Age
Radio and Movies: Mass forms of
Communication & Entertainment
Radio
Discovery of wireless radio waves propels radio industry
Nellie Melba, June 16, 1920 – 1st radio broadcast of a live concert
BBC, formed in 1926
Movies
Full length movies - Quo Vadis; Birth of a Nation
Stars became subjects of adoration
Marlene Dietrich
Popularized new images of women’s sexuality
Used for political purposes
Nazis encourage cheap radios & put speakers in the streets
Triumph of the Will, 1934
• Propaganda film from Nuremberg demonstration
Mass Leisure
Sports
Growth of professional sports for mass audiences
Tourism
Passenger flights for the rich
Trains, buses and car travel for everyone else
Organized Mass Leisure in Italy and Germany
Dopolavoro in Italy – national recreation centers
• Clubhouses with libraries, gyms, radios, theaters
• Strengthened public support for the fascist regime
“Strength Through Joy” in Germany
• Coordinated and monitored working class leisure time
• Concerts, operas, films, tours & sporting events
• Built public support for Nazi policies
Possible Test Question
Dopolavoro was
A Spanish anti-Republican military
organization.
A cultural club begun in England during the
inter-war years.
A national recreational agency in Italy
sponsored by Fascists as a way to strengthen
public support of the regime.
A French radical political party advocating
anarchy as the only solution to the corrupt
government practices of the era.
The German secret police.11
Cultural & Intellectual Trends in the
Interwar Years
Prewar avant-garde culture becomes acceptable
Provoked by a disillusionment with Western Civilization
provoked by the horrors of WWI.
Political, economic, and social insecurities
Radical changes in women’s styles
Short skirts, short hair, makeup
Theodor van de Velde
Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique
Discussed birth control & glorified sex for pleasure
Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music
Abstract painting; fascination with the absurd
Dadaism
•
•
•
•
•
Tristan Tzara (1896-1945)
Expressed contempt for Western culture
Created “anti-art” to mock traditional culture
Celebrated chaos & absurdity of life
Popular artistic movement in Weimar Germany
Surrealism
• Salvador Dali (1904-1989)
• Depicted reality beyond the conscious world
Functionalism in Modern Architecture
Bauhaus School in Germany
Founded by Walter Gropius
Known for ideas of functionalism & practicality in
architecture
Dada artist Hannah Hoch, Cut with
the kitchen Knife
Surrealism, Salvador Dali, The
Persistence of Memory
Functionalism in architecture –
Walter Gropius
Frank Lloyd Wright
Possible Test Question
The Dada movement in art was known for
all of the following except
An expressed contempt for Western culture.
An effort to put a clear sense of purpose and
ambition back into art and life.
“anti-art” and the mockery of all known,
traditional forms of artistic expression.
A celebration of chaos and the absurd, often
expressed in bizarre performances and collages
of unrelated objects.
Popular in Berlin during the Weimar years.
Possible Test Question
Walter Gropius was best known for his
“socialist realism” paintings.
Atonal, experimental music.
Revolutionary directions in theater.
Post-modern architectural designs.
Ideas of functionalism and practicality in
architecture.
Cultural & Intellectual Trends (cont)
A Popular Audience
Kurt Weill, The Threepenny Opera
Opera aimed at a lower class audience
Art in Totalitarian Regimes
Art in service of the state – propaganda
Culture in Nazi Germany centered around
simple art with sentimental and realistic scenes
used to glorify the Aryans
Literature & Physics Between the Wars
The Search for the Unconscious
James Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses
• Stream of consciousness
• Writer presents interior monologues for characters
Virginia Woolf (1882-1942 writer who used inner monologue
Hermann Hesse (1877-1962)
• German writer who combined Carl Jung’s psychological theories and
Eastern religions
• Focused on spiritual loneliness of modern humans
Impact of Freud
• becomes more mainstream after WWI
Carl Jung (1856-1961)
• Psychological theories:
• Collective unconscious
 shared memories with other humans
• Process of individualization
• Universal archetypes
 mental forms or images
• Importance of universal myths
The “Heroic Age of Physics”
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), atom could be
split
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)
• Proposing that uncertainty was at the bottom of all
physical laws.
Possible Test Question
The new forms of mass communication and
leisure created between the wars included all of
the following except
Cinema becoming an increasingly popular form of
entertainment.
Fascist nations using them for propaganda purposes.
Radio production and broadcasting companies
increasing dramatically.
The widespread use of television in most middle class
homes.
The automobile becoming a common method of travel
for the middle classes.