War and Peace
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Transcript War and Peace
War and Peace
HIS 1302 – Chapter 27
The Road to Pearl Harbor
Relations between Japan and the US
deteriorated after Japan resumed its war
against China in 1937
Neither the US or Japan desired war.
Roosevelt considered Nazi Germany to be
a more dangerous enemy and dreaded the
prospect of a two-front war
Cordell Hull’s demands
Moderate viewpoint
US retaliation against Japan over
Indochina
Japanese militarism
Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)
Mobilizing the Home Front
- Emergency Powers
- Democratic majorities slim
- Conservatives in Congress – fiscal oversight
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Characteristics of FDR (leader, not
administrator; common sense)
Financing the war, ration, taxes, economic
controls
Lack of centralized authority impeded
mobilization, but production expanded
dramatically
Manufacturing nearly doubled;
agricultural output rose 22 percent
Unemployment nearly disappeared
Productive capacity and per capita output
increased especially dramatically in the
South
The War Economy
James F. Byrnes – “economic czar”
Office of War Mobilization – controlled
production, consumption, priorities, prices
National War Labor Board arbitrated
disputes and stabilized wages
Despite rationing and wage regulations,
American citizens experienced no real
hardships during the war.
Organized labor; wars effects on
collective bargaining
Effect on Redistribution of wealth
– Wealthiest 1% = 13.4 % in 1935
– Dropped to 6.7% in 1944
– Income tax extended
War and Social Change
American mobility
Migration to jobs; military posts
Wartime prosperity = more marriages,
higher birthrate
Minorities - Blacks
Effect of Hitler’s policies
Arguments of black leaders
Blacks in the military
Effects of wartime economy
Educational opportunities
Great migration continues
Political clout
NAACP
Fair Employment Practices Commission
Race Riots?
Mexican labor
Zoot Suit Riots
American Indians
Treatment of German- and ItalianAmericans
WWII produced less intolerance than WWI
Better able to distinguish between
foreigners and Americans
American immigrants more opposed to
German and Italian policies
More politically active
Internment of the Japanese
112,000 Japanese Americans relocated
into internment camps
Fear of political disloyalty, and the public
was aroused by racial prejudice and Pearl
Harbor
Hirabayashi vs. US (1943) upheld
restrictions
Ex Parte Endo (1944) Supreme Court
forbade interment of loyal Americans
Women’s Contribution
Workforce
Women in male roles
Black Women
Dual roles – workplace and home
Support networks declined
War-brides and separation
Allied Strategy: Europe First
Japanese threat was remote, Hitler was
the greatest threat – was working to
knock USSR out of the war
US and USSR wanted to establish a
second European front in France
Churchill wanted strategic bombing raids
on German cities and invasion of North
Africa – Churchill got his way
1942 – Allied planes began to bomb
German cities, and an Allied force under
Eisenhower invaded Africa
Rommel’s Afrika Corps surrendered in May
1943
Fall of 1943, USSR checked the Nazi
advance at Stalingrad and the Allies were
pushing their way up the Italian Peninsula
Germany Overwhelmed
D-Day, June 6, 1944 –
Millions of Soviet troops slowly pushed
back the Axis lines
While Allies prepared for a general
advance, the Germans launched a
counterattack
Battle of the Bulge, costs and gains?
May 8, 1945
Death camps
Early news and FDR’s response
Naval War in the Pacific
1st
priority – Germany
2nd priority – stop Japanese expansion
Battle of Coral Sea
Midway – turning point
Island Hopping
Goal of Island hopping
Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
Mid 1944 – in range of Tokyo
Feb. 1945 – Philippines, Leyte Gulf
Okinawa and Iwo Jima
Characteristic of Japanese fighting men
Atomic Bomb
FDR dies in April 1945 – Harry S Truman
becomes President
July – learns of the A-bomb
Decisions?
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Desire to end the war quickly?
USSR intervention
Hatred of the Japanese
Use of the bombs
Effects
United Nations
Wartime Diplomacy
No peace – Split between US and USSR
Propaganda –
– Wartime image
– Reality (Post-War image)
Big Three established European Advisory
Commission to determine fate of Germany
Tehran and Yalta
Establishment of UN (Sec. Council and
Gen. Assembly)
Allied Suspicion of Stalin
Division among the Allies
Stalin resented the delay in a second front
Spread of USSR into satellite nations
Self-determination vs. Soviet expansion
Yalta and Potsdam
Yalta - FDR and Churchill agreed to allow
USSR control of Eastern Poland
Stalin agreed to free elections in Poland
(never happened)
Potsdam – formalized occupation of
Germany
Truman takes “hard line” against USSR
Suspicions – begins the Cold War