Transcript World War II: The Home Front

WORLD WAR II
• Please pick up Focus #28 directions and maps. Take the
first 20 minutes of class to work with your partner(s) to
complete the directions. Colored pencils are on the counter
and table – you’ll need at least two.
• Take out Class Notes #27 – we will finish the notes today
before starting poster presentations for “Fighting
Overseas”.
• TURN IN YOUR CAPSTONE TOPIC PROPOSAL!!!
We will:
*map Axis expansion in Europe and the Pacific and
major battles/campaigns of World War II
*explain why America moved from isolationism to
intervention from 1937 to 1941
*analyze how America helped to win World War II
Germany & Italy Dominate Europe
Japan Dominates East Asia & the Pacific
Unit Schedule & Materials
• Monday, April 21: continue WW II (Home Front posters due)
• Wednesday, April 23: complete WW II, unit review
• Friday, April 25: Unit Test and Binder Check (all materials due)
Unit Materials (no homework):
Focus #26: Roaring Twenties (also a stand-alone grade)
Focus #27: Great Depression Graphs
50% recovery credit
available for late New Deal
Focus #28: WW II Maps
Class Notes #24: Roaring Twenties
Class Notes #25: Great Depression
Class Notes #26: New Deal Chart
Class Notes #27: Threat of Totalitarianism
Class Notes #28: World War II Chart
program summaries and
WW II posters by April 25
Quiz #7 retake on April 25
(after the test) for eligible
students - you must have
completed Focus 26-27
and Class Notes 24-26
American Isolationism
• Americans remained predominantly isolationist in
the face of growing external threats
• The Nye Committee (1935) blamed America’s entry
into World War I on U.S. industry’s greed for war
profits
• Congress passed the Neutrality Acts (1935-39) to
restrict any assistance to belligerents (even to
nations that were victims of aggression)
• The America First Committee organized a grassroots movement to pressure Congress and the
President to keep America out of war no matter
what – Charles Lindbergh emerged as its primary
spokesman – he personally admired Hitler and the
Nazi government and spoke openly against the
“Jewish influence” in Western civilization
Preparing the Nation for War
• 1937 – FDR’s called for a “quarantine” of aggressor nations in
the wake of Japan’s invasion of China
• 1939 – Congress amended the Neutrality Acts to allow for
“cash and carry” aid for Britain and France after World War II
started in Europe
• 1940 – Congress passed legislation authorizing the first peacetime draft in American history, as FDR called on America to
become the great “arsenal of democracy”; the U.S. offered
Britain “destroyers for bases”; FDR was also re-elected for a
precedent-shattering third term
• 1941 – Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act at FDR’s urging,
authorizing military assistance to Britain and (as of June 1941)
the USSR; FDR and British PM Churchill signed the Atlantic
Charter committing the U.S. and UK to shared war aims based
on democratic principles
WW II in Political Cartoons
Take five minutes with your partner(s) to analyze the
political cartoon provided to you. Identify:
*at least three specific details and their meaning
*the message of the cartoon
Be prepared to explain your cartoon to the class
Note the cartoonist – he started his career in editorial
cartooning before becoming a noted children’s author in
the 1950s and 1960s
Pearl Harbor
Japan’s navy attacked the U.S. fleet
on December 7, 1941 in an effort to
quickly knock the U.S. out of the war
before it even entered the conflict
Much of the U.S. fleet was sunk or
damaged in this surprise attack
Why did Japan take this risk?
Before we leave:
• Remember to bring completed WW II posters
by the start of class on Monday, April 21
• Turn in your Capstone topic proposal if you
have not already done so.
• Have an excellent spring break!!!
World War II: Fighting Overseas
• Please pick up a copy of the binder check rubric and
unit test preview – we will look at those together
before resuming World War II
• Take out Class Notes #28, Focus #28 maps, and your
WW II poster (unless you already presented)
We will:
*preview the unit test & binder check
*analyze how Americans helped to win WW II
both overseas and on the home front
Allied War Strategy
On December 8, 1941, FDR
asked Congress to declare war;
Germany and Italy then declared
war on the U.S.
British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill visited FDR within
days to hammer out U.S.-UK
strategy – why “Germany first”?
The United Nations alliance was
officially created on January 1,
1942 – only the second time the
U.S. allied with other nations
Battle of Midway
In the months following Pearl Harbor,
Japanese forces rapidly conquered
Southeast Asia, including the
Philippines, where thousands of U.S.
soldiers were taken prisoner
Japan sought to build on its success by
taking the air base at Midway Island,
which would allow it to bomb Hawaii
U.S. Navy intelligence discovered the
plan and U.S. aircraft carriers struck at
the Japanese fleet on June 3-4, 1942
Midway was the “turning point” in the
Pacific, allowing the U.S. to go on the
offensive against Japan
Operation Torch
U.S. General Dwight Eisenhower led the
first major Allied assault on Axis territory in
November 1942 – by May 1943, Axis troops
surrendered in Tunisia and North Africa was
under Allied control
This campaign paved the way for an Allied
invasion of Italy later in 1943
Tuskegee Airmen & Other
Segregated Units
http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?keyindex=121606
Although military units were still
segregated during the war, African
Americans, Mexican Americans, and
Japanese Americans distinguished
themselves in combat
Tuskegee Airmen (top right) flew air
combat missions in Europe
Nisei (Japanese American regiments)
fought in Europe and served as
interpreters in the Pacific theater
Impact: Their brave example led to
desegregation of the military in 1947
D-Day/Normandy
By spring 1944, the Germans were on
the defensive – the Soviet Red Army was
pushing back on the Eastern Front after
its victory at Stalingrad (winter 1942-43)
and the British and Americans were
pushing up the Italian “boot”
General Eisenhower (Supreme Allied
Commander in Europe) designed and led
Operation Overlord to open a third
front in Europe by invading France
D-Day (June 6, 1944) was the largest
amphibious invasion in history and
successfully established an Allied
foothold in France
D-Day Invasion – June 6, 1944
http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompage=play&keyindex=117506&location=005849&chap
terskeyindex=376378&sceneclipskeyindex=-1
Island-Hopping in the Pacific
Starting with the
Battle of Guadalcanal
in 1942-43, the U.S.
began an island
hopping campaign to
gradually push the
Japanese back and
reclaim lost territory
By fall 1944, General
Douglas MacArthur
led U.S. forces back to
the Philippines and the
U.S. Navy won a
decisive victory over
Japan at Leyte Gulf
Battles of Iwo Jima & Okinawa
By early 1945, the U.S. began
to prepare for an invasion of the
Japanese home islands
The first step was to seize
control of Iwo Jima and
Okinawa as key air bases
Japanese resistance was fierce;
more than 13,000 Americans
died taking the two islands
Far left: U.S. Marines
raise the flag on Mt.
Suribachi (Feb. 1945)
Left: Mt. Suribachi
today; it took nearly a
month to capture the
island of Iwo Jima
Hiroshima & Nagasaki
In July 1945, President Harry Truman
ordered the dropping of atomic bombs
on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki – was he right to do so?
The Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy”
on Hiroshima on August 6, followed
on August 9 with the dropping of “Fat
Man” on Nagasaki – over 200,000
Japanese died in the attacks
By August 15, the Japanese
government agreed to unconditional
surrender and formally did so on
September 2 aboard the U.S.S.
Missouri in Tokyo Bay
Before we leave..
• Complete all unit materials for the binder
check and unit test on Friday, April 25.
• Make sure to prepare for the unit test by
reviewing the terms provided and developing
your essay outline.
World War II: The Home Front
• Please take out Class Notes #28, Focus #28 maps,
binder check guide, and the unit test preview
We will:
*analyze how Americans helped to win WW II
both overseas and on the home front
*review for the unit test
Unit Test & Binder Check on Friday!
Turn in Capstone topics by Friday!
The Nuremberg Trials
The Allies placed high-level Nazi
By the time Germany surrendered on leaders on trial for “war crimes,”
May 8, 1945, the Allies had already the first time this had ever
uncovered evidence of the Holocaust happened in history
– the systematic murder of over 11
12 Nazi leaders were sentenced
million people (including 6 million
to death and executed
Jews) at the hands of the Nazis
Women in the Military
WACS, WASPS, and
WAVES filled critical
non-combat roles
during the war and
freed up men for
combat duty
Over 350,000 women served in the military during the war
About 5 million men volunteered for service; another 10 million men
were drafted under the Selective Service Act of 1940
A. Philip Randolph
& the Double-V Campaign
Labor leader A. Philip Randolph fought for
equal pay for African American workers in
war industries
He led the “Double-V” campaign that
pledged a march on Washington in 1941;
FDR signed an executive order to guarantee
equal pay in war industries
Many African Americans
equated the fight against
the Axis to the fight
against racism and
discrimination at home
The Manhattan Project
In 1939, Albert Einstein wrote to FDR warning
that Germany was working on a super-weapon
The Office of Scientific Research and
Development (OSRD) started the Manhattan
Project in 1942 at super-secret sites across the
country; the first bomb was successfully tested
in New Mexico in July 1945
Office of Price Administration (OPA) & Rationing
To prevent inflation, the OPA froze prices on most goods and set up
a rationing system for high-demand goods such as gasoline, meat,
sugar, and coffee
The OPA kept inflation below 30% during the war and most
Americans were willing to tighten their belts as part of the war effort
War Production Board (WPB)
The WPB guided conversion of industry to war production, allocated
raw materials, and regulated the workplace to improve productivity
The WPB also organized nationwide drives to conserve key
resources such as scrap iron, tin cans, paper, and cooking fat
Industrial Production &
Workers
By 1944, 18 million Americans worked in war
industries (6 million were women); wages rose 10%
Unemployment fell to about 1% as many Americans
moved South and West to work in war industries
Japanese-American Internment
http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompage=play&keyindex=104246&location=005849&chap
terskeyindex=307246&sceneclipskeyindex=-1
In February 1942, FDR issued Executive
Order 9066, which ordered the evacuation of
Japanese Americans to internment camps,
citing national security needs
Over 110,000 citizens and residents were
rounded up and sent to “relocation centers”
In 1944, the Supreme Court decided in
Korematsu v. United States that the
government’s policy was justified on the basis
of “military necessity”
Reparations payments were authorized in 1990
($20,000 for every person sent to a camp)
GI Bill of Rights
In 1944, Congress passed the
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act,
better known as the GI Bill of Rights
Nearly 8 million veterans went back
to school or training on the GI Bill,
which paid for their education
The act also provided federal loan
guarantees for buying homes and
farms and starting new businesses
Before we leave…
• Remember to review for the unit test and prepare
your binder materials to turn in on Friday
• The quiz #7 retake will be offered after the test on
Friday
• Prepare your essay outline for use on the unit test