Transcript Chapter 26

Chapter 26
World War II
I.A
American Neutrality
The Road to War
• September 1, 1939 – War begins with
German invasion of Poland after
policy of appeasement
• Most support allies, but remain
isolationist
• U.S. set to begin “thousand-step road
to war”
I.A
American Neutrality
The Road to War
• “This nation will remain a neutral
nation, but I cannot ask that every
American remain neutral in thought as
well” FDR
• April, 1940 – Nazi Blitzkrieg (lightning
war)
• By June 22, Denmark, Norway,
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg,
France fall to Nazis
EUROPE: JUNE 1941
I.A
American Neutrality
The Road to War
• Fall 1940 – Battle of Britain – Brutal
air bombardment of Britain.
• Committee to Defend America
(interventionist) vs. America First
Committee (isolationist)
• U.S. moves closer to war –
Committees assembled to organize
economy/government for defense
DR. SEUSS
CARTOONS
AGAINST
THE U.S.
STAYING
NEUTRAL
DR. SEUSS
CARTOONS
AGAINST THE
U.S. STAYING
NEUTRAL
I.A
American Neutrality
The Road to War
• 1940 – FDR appoints 2 prominent
Republicans Henry Stimson (Sect of
War) and Frank Knox (Sect of Navy)
• Executive order – Trades 50
destroyers for right to build bases on
British islands
• Runs for re-election! – 3rd term!
I.A
American Neutrality
The Road to War
• Election of 1940
• “Your boys are not going to be sent
into foreign wars” – FDR
• Democratic “coalition” won handily!
FDR (D)
Wendell Willkie (R)
I.A
American Neutrality
The Road to War
• Lend-Lease Act – (1939 amendment
to neutrality act enables U.S. to sell
weapons on a “Cash and Carry”
basis)
• With British short on cash and
German U-boats hampering English
shipping, Congress authorized
President to supply any nation whose
defense was vital to defense of U.S.
I.A
American Neutrality
The Road to War
• Land Lease (cont.)
• FDR compares it to lending a
neighbor a garden hose when his
house is on fire
• June 1941 – Extended to Soviet
Union (Hitler abandoned Nazi-Soviet
Pact)
I.A
American Neutrality
The Road to War
• State of Union Address, January 1941
–FDR’s Four Freedoms
–Freedom of Speech
–Freedom of Worship
–Freedom from want
–Freedom from fear
Is U.S. intervention now inevitable?
I.A
American Neutrality
The Road to War
• The Atlantic Charter
• August 1941 – FDR and Winston
Churchill meet secretly to discuss
goals and military strategy
• Calls for postwar economic
collaboration, political stability, free
trade, self-determination, and
collective security
I.A
American Neutrality
The Road to War
• September 1941 – U.S. supplying
allies and in a virtual undeclared naval
war with Germany
• FDR will not ask for a declaration of
war without an enemy attack
I.A
American Neutrality
The Road to War
Pearl Harbor
• Japan and U.S. on shaky relations
since 1930’s due to Japanese
aggression in Pacific, particularly
China
• Panay incident (1937)
• 1940 – Tri-Partite Pact (Japan,
Germany, Italy)
I.A
American Neutrality
The Road to War
Pearl Harbor
• As Japan expands (French Indochina)
U.S. cuts of exports (Oil) to Japan
• September 1941 – Tojo begins plans
to attack U.S. despite continuation of
talks
• December 7, 1941 – Attack on Pealt
Harbor
I.A
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American Neutrality
The Road to War
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941 – Attack on Pealt
Harbor, Hawaii
Over 2400 Americans Killed
United Americans in determination to fight!
December 8 –FDR appears before
congress to ask for a declaration of war
I.B
Organizing for Victory
Financing the War
• Dramatic expansion of federal power,
particularly executive branch (War Powers
Act)
• Mobilization required cooperation between
business and politics (like WWI)
• 1945 Federal budget ($95 billion)10 times
greater than in 1939
I.B
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Organizing for Victory
Financing the War
Revenue Act of 1942 – Average American
also taxed – Tax revenues rise from $2.2
to $35.1 billion
Payroll deductions and tax withholding
sold to public as patriotic
Govt. employees increase fourfold – far
beyond New Deal expansion
“Dollar-a-year-men” – agencies staffed by
active business leaders
I.B
Organizing for Victory
Financing the War
• Office of Price Administration (OPA) –
supervised domestic economy (inflation,
allocation of resources etc)
• Anti-Inflation Act – stabilized prices,
wages and salaries
–Goods + Wages = Inflation
I.B
Organizing for Victory
Financing the War
• War Production Board (WPB) – oversaw
defense contracts, conversion of industry
to military production, evaluated requests
for scarce resources
–Used generous tax write offs and costplus provisions (profit guarantees) to
entice business cooperation
–Preferred dealing with major
corporations than small business
I.B
Organizing for Victory
Financing the War
• War Production Board (cont)
–Suspension od anti-trust prosecution
–Become the core of the militaryindustrial complex which links the
federal government, military and
corporate America together in an
interdependent partnership
I.B
Organizing for Victory
Financing the War
• Successes (by 1945)
• “Arsenal of Democracy”
• Mass Production
–86,000 tanks
–296,000 airplanes
–15,000,000 guns
–64,000 landing crafts
–6,5000 ships
I.B
Organizing for Victory
Mobilizing the Fighting Force
• 15 million mobilized
• Blacks still Segregated (A Jim Crow army
cannot fight for a free world), Hispanics
not
• Navajo Code Talkers – used native
language to send military messages
I.B
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Organizing for Victory
Mobilizing the Fighting Force
Women – both opportunity and
discrimination
350,000 served –
1/3 of all nurses nationwide volunteer
Military limited duties of women – similar
to civilian life (health care, clerical work)
Social lives restricted to avoid
“improprieties”
I.B
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Organizing for Victory
Workers and the War Effort
Critical labor shortage –
Well organized government propaganda
urged women into the labor force
Rosie the Riveter
36% labor force – was expected they
would go back to home after the war
I.B
Organizing for Victory
Workers and the War Effort
• Organized Labor
iv. Fighting and Winning the War
Wartime Aims and Strategies
• 2 Theatres
• 1942 = Bad
• Winter 1942-43 – Stalingrad
• Tehran -
iv. Fighting and Winning the War
War in Europe
• 1st Turning Point – Stalingrad
• Africa and to “THE SOFT UNDERBELLY”
Italy – Falls June/July 1943
• D-Day – June, 6 1944
iv. Fighting and Winning the War
War in The Pacific
• Turning Points – Battle of Coral Sea
• Battle of Midway
• Island hopping
iv. Fighting and Winning the War
War in The Pacific
• Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Marines Raising the US Flag
at Iwo Jima
Okinawa
The Bombing of Hiroshima
• August 6, 1945: On
President Truman’s
orders, the Enola
Gay dropped an
atomic bomb on the
city of Hiroshima.
• It destroyed about
90% of the city and
killed about 140,000
people.
Nagasaki
• When the bombing of Hiroshima
did not elicit a surrender from the
Japanese government, a 2nd
atomic bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.
• The bomb on Nagasaki was
equally destructive and led to a
Japanese surrender.
• August 14, 1945:
Japan
agreed
V-J Day
to an unconditional surrender.
• The formal surrender was
signed on September 2, 1945
on the USS Missouri in Tokyo
Bay, officially ending WWII.
World War II Allied Deaths
Nation
Military
Civilian
Total
France
122,000
470,000
592,000
Britain
305,800
60,600
366,400
US
405,400
0
405,400
USSR
11,000,000 6,700,000
17,700,000
World War II Axis Deaths
Nation
Military
Civilian
Total
2,350,000
5,600,000
226,900
60,000
286,900
1,740,000
393,400
2,133,400
Germany 3,250,000
Italy
Japan