Transcript Types of Camps

Refers to a specific genocidal event in the 20th
century history
Defined:
the state-sponsored systematic persecution
and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi
Germany and its collaborators between
1933 and 1945 - USHMM
Hitler’ Rise
• Rejected Austrian
artist
• WW I veteran
• Treaty of Versailles
• Beer Hall Putchz
• Leader of the National
Socialist German
Workers Party (Nazi)
Germany
• Multi-party system
• National Elections
• Nazi party wins
plurality of 33%
• Hindenburg names
Hitler chancellor
• Constitutional
freedoms suspended
Targeted Groups
• Jews
• Soviet Prisoners
• Sinti and Roma
• Handicapped
• Jehovah Witnesses
• Communists and enemies of the
state
• Homosexuals and a-socials
But won’t there be a
negative outcry from
world leaders?
“Who, after all, speaks of the
annihilation of the
Armenians?” – Adolf Hitler
Selected Nazi Legislation - 1930s
1933
One day boycott of Jewish shop
Jews barred from streets on Nazi
holidays
1935
Nuremberg Laws
Jews lost citizenship
Jew/Aryan marriage outlawed
1939
Curfew for Jews
Jews turn in radios
Polish Jews required to wear Star
of David
All Jews must have a Jewish first
name – Sarah or Israel added if
necessary
1938
Jews carry ID cards
Jewish street names replaced
Passports marked with “J”
Selected Nazi Legislation – 1940s
1940
German Jews into “protective
custody’
Income tax to support Nazi party
1941
German Jews wear Star of David
Police permission needed to leave
residence
Friendly relations with Jews
prohibited
1942
Turn in all wool and fur clothing
Apartments marked as Jewish
Not use public transportation
Not buy meat, eggs, milk
Not have birds, dogs, cats, etc.
Blind & deaf not wear identifying
armbands in traffic
1943
Jewish criminals sent to
extermination camps
Kristallnacht
November 1938
• Attache von Rathe
shot and killed by
Grynszpan, a Jew
• Demonstrations end
with Jewish shops
destroyed and looted
• 267 Synagogues
burned or desecrated
• 91 people killed others
beaten, 30,000
arrested
• 1 billion RM fine on
Jews
• Jews pay own repairs
• FDR recall US
Ambassador to
Germany
Nazi Propaganda
"The result! A loss of racial pride."
The Poisonous Mushroom
Eugenics
• Selective breeding – basis
for Master Race
• Sterilize unfit parents and
potential parents
• Euthanize “life unworthy
of life”
• Operation T-4
– Disabled killed
– Starve, injections, gassings
Cemetery at Hadamar
Refugee Issue
So who will take in the Jews?
Kinder Transports
December 1938 – September 1939
• 10,000 unaccompanied
Jewish children enter
Great Britain
• Children from Germany,
Austria, Czechoslovakia
• Most never see parents
again
• Many were converted to
Christianity
Children in the Netherlands
shortly before evacuation to
London
Voyage of the St. Louis
May 1939
• Departed Hamburg for
Havana - May 15, 1939
• 937 passengers almost all
Jewish
• 29 allowed into Cuba
• Ship forced to leave Cuba
• Passengers eventually
divided between:
Passengers attempt to
communicate with friends and
relatives in Cuba
England
France
Netherlands
Belgium
• Most killed by Nazis
Evian
July 1939
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Meeting called by FDR
Resort on Lake Geneva
32 Countries attend
Discuss Jewish Refugees
No country was willing to
accept refugees
• Costa Rica and Dominican
Republic would accept a
small number for a large
sum of money
postcard of Evian-les-Bains
“Green Light Go” – New York Times
Nazi Goal: Expansion
for “Lebensraum” –
Living Space
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Rhineland
Austrian Anschluss
Sudetenland
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
Invasion of Poland – WW II begins
Wannsee Conference
January 20, 1942
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Villa in a affluent suburb of Berlin
Meeting lasts less than 90 minutes
15 officials – 8 have PHD’s
Euphemisms
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“Special treatment”
“Bath house”
“Arbeit Macht Frei”
“Final solution”
Villa at Wannsee
Resettlement to the East
• Crowded cattle cars
• One suitcase of
belongings
• People gathered:
– volunteers
– forced
– “actions”
– transit centers
– ghettos
• Destination:
– ghettos
– camps
Train car used in transport - Yad Vashem
Ghettos
• Ghettos established by decree
on Sept. 21, 1939
• Goals
– Isolation
– Forced labor
– Access murder/deportation
• Conditions
– Life directed by Judenrat
– Overcrowded
– Unsanitary/disease infested
– Starvation rations
Warsaw Ghetto Wall
Street in Warsaw Ghetto
Types of Camps
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Concentration
Forced-labor
Transit
Extermination or “Death Camps”
Dachau
established March 22, 1933
Barracks with “beautification project “ –
line of trees on the right
Mauthausen
established August 8, 1938
“Stairs of Death”
Carrying stones up the
“Stairs of Death
Westerbork
German control July 21 , 1942
Camp blueprint
Train depot inside the camp
Auschwitz-Birkenau
established May 20, 1940
Aerial view of Birkenau
Zyklon B Label –
used for gassings
Perpetrators
• Nazi SS – Schutzstaffel
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Death Head’s Unit
Heinrich Himmler
Adolf Eichmann
Joseph Mengele
• Einsatzgruppen
– Special action group
– 3000 troops in 4 units
– Goal: make German
controlled areas “judenrein”
Heinrich Himmler
Einsaztgruppen
Execution of a group of Soviet civilians
Execution of a Ukrainian Jew
Collaborators
• Indigenous police forces in
France and Netherlands
• Hungarian troops/fascists
• Slovakian Hlinka Guard
• Ustasa – Croatian Nationalists
• Anti-Soviet elements in:
Ustasa militia execute prisoners near
Jasenovac camp
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Ukraine
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Bystanders
Two German women file past corpses
at newly liberated Buchenwald
• Person who is present,
without being involved, at an
incident where another life or
dignity is in danger
• Did people living near camps
know what was happening?
• What actions could have been
taken to stop the Holocaust?
• What risks were involved in
taking a stand against the
Nazis?
Victims
• “Not all victims were Jews but, all
Jews were victims” –Wiesel
– 6,000,000 Jews
– 3,000,000 Soviet POWs
– 3,000,000 Catholic Poles
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700,000 Serbs
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250,000 Sinti & Roma
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70,000 Handicapped
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12,000 Homosexual
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2,500 Jehovah Winesses
Each number is an INDIVIDUAL
with goals, dreams, and families
Mania Halef, age 2
killed at Babi Yar
Resistance
Partisans
Kalinin Jewish partisan unit
(Bielski group)
• Underground
– Oppose Nazis
– Many were anti-Semitic
– Selective membership
• Bielski Brigade
– Open Jewish membership
– Included all ages and genders
• White Rose
– Students at University of Munich
• Various Political Factions
Spiritual
clandestine school in the Kovno ghetto
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Prayer Groups
Torah Studies
Religious Services
Kosher Tradition
Observance of Holidays
Religious Literature
Maintain the will to live
Cultural
• Art
• Music
– Concerts
– Cabarets
– Operas
• Plays
• Literature
• Schools/Libraries
• Language
– Yiddish
– Hebrew
prisoners' orchestra in Buchenwald
Hiding
• Bunkers
• Concerns
hiding place for Dutch Jews
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Health
Age
Supplies
Secrecy
Assistance
Denouncing
• Generosity of Others
Passing
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Vladka Meed in Warsaw
Physical appearance
Cultural norms
Language
New residency
Name
Family history
Societal expectations
Righteous Among the
Nations
Raoul Wallenberg
Oskar Schindler with
Ludmila Pfefferberg-Page
Gentiles who risked their
own lives to save Jews;
honored at Yad Vashem
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Raoul Wallenberg
Oskar Schindler
Corrie Ten Boom
Miep Gies
Varian Fry (only American)
Hiding/Destroying Evidence
Destroyed Crematorium in Birkenau
• Distribution of
confiscated belongings
• Transport stockpiled
belongings and
valuables
• Dismantle camps
• Physical destruction of
Auschwitz-Birkenau
crematoriums
Death Marches
• Forced marches to interior of
the German Reich
• killed for impeding progress
• Death toll: 250,000 - 375,000
Starvation
Sick
Wounded
Exposure
• Those considered unable to
survive the march left behind
– Otto Frank in Auschwitz
death march from Dachau to
Wolfratshausen
Now
Russia
British
America
Germany
America
VE Day
the
Majdanek
Auschwitz
Bergen-Belsen
Dachau
Hitler suicide
Mauthausen
WW II Ends
world knows
July 23, 1944
January 27, 1945
April 15, 1945
April 29, 1945
April 30, 1945
May 5, 1945
May 8, 1945
Displaced persons
Those who did not want to be
repatriated placed in DP
Camps
• German Army barracks
• POW camps
• Concentration Camps
vocational training in
displaced persons camp
– Bergen-Belsen
– Dachau
• 1957 Last DP Camp closed located in Belgium
Bringing perpetrators to
justice
Nuremberg defendants
Amon Goeth
Plaszow camp
Eichmann receives
death sentence in
Jerusalem
• International military tribunal
Crimes against humanity & peace
161 convictions
• Trials within individual countries
War crimes
Conspiracy
Some Holocaust Legacies
• Anti-Semitism
– Common tie between
hate groups
• White supremacist
organizations
• Political ideologies
tied to Nazi
Philosophy
• Hate Crimes
• Establishment of Israel
• UN acknowledgement
of genocidal issues
• Importance of civil
rights and individual
freedoms
• Human Rights
Organizations
• Holocaust Centers and
Museums
Share the lessons so
“Never Again”
TRULY means
“Never Again”