Transcript CST Review - Panorama High School

CST Review
Cluster 1: Development of Modern
Political Thought
(Standards 10.1-10.2)
Roots of Democracy
Contributors
Contributions
Greeks
Reason & intelligence to discover natural laws;
development of direct democracy, 3 branches of
government
Romans
Republic & written legal code that applies equally to all
citizens
Judaism
Emphasis on individual morality
Christianity
Equality of believers
Renaissance
Growth of individualism
Reformation
Challenging of traditional authority
Major Ideas of the Enlightenment and their
impact
Idea
Thinker
Impact
Book
Natural rights-life,
liberty and property
Locke
Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of
Independence
Two Treatises on
Government
Right to Rebel
Locke
Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of
Independence/American Revolution
Two Treatises on
Government
Separation of powers
Montesquieu
France, United States, Latin American
nations use separation of powers in
constitutions
The Spirit of Laws
Freedom of thought
and expression
Voltaire
U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration of
Rights of Man
Ideas contained in
books and essays
Abolishment of
Torture
Beccaria
U.S. Bill of Rights, torture outlawed or
reduced in nations of Europe and
Americas
On Crimes and
Punishments
Religious Freedom
Voltaire
U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration of
Rights of Man
Ideas contained in
books and essays
Women’s equality
Wollstonecraft
Women’s rights groups form in Europe &
North America
A Vindication of the
Rights of Women
Hobbes
Use of periodic, consistent vote
Leviathan
Rousseau
Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of
Independence, Constitution & Revolution
The Social Contract
Social Contract
Legitimate power
comes from the
people
French Revolution
Causes of Revolution: Prioritize the list
Heavy Taxes
Desire for privileges
Poor harvest & high bread prices
Gap between rich and poor
Poor leadership
Government debt
Enlightenment Ideas
Timeline of Events
Assembly creates a constitution
War with Austria begins when Austria
offers support to Louis XVI
War goes badly for the French and mobs
rule Paris
King is Executed
Reign of Terror begins as radicals take
over the government
Terror ends as moderates gain control
Add the dates
French Legislative Assembly
Radicals
*Sat on left side of hall;
called left-wring, said to
be on left
*Opposed king & ideas of
monarchy
*wanted sweeping
changes in government &
proposed that common
people have full power in
a republic
Moderates
Conservatives
*sat in center of hall,
*sat on right side of hall;
called centrists
called right-wring, said to
*wanted some changes in be on right
government, but not as
*upheld idea of a limited
many as Radicals
monarchy
*Wanted few changes in
government
Napoleon’s Journey to
Emperor
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1789-French Revolution breaks out
1795-Napoleon defeats royalist rebels
1796 to 1799-Napoleon wins many victories
1799-Napoleon seizes power from the Directory
1800-New constitution gives Napoleon all real
power
1804-Napoleon crowned emperor
Napoleon Brings Order After the
Revolution
The Economy
Government &
Society
Religion
Goals of the
Revolution
Equal taxation
Lower inflation
Less Government
corruption
Equal opportunity in
government
Less powerful
Catholic Church
Religious tolerance
Napoleon’s
Actions
Set up fair tax code,
national bank
Stabilized currency
State loans to
business
Appointed officials by
merit
Fired corrupt officials
Created lycees (public
schools)
Created code of laws
Catholicism “faith
of Frenchmen”
Signed concordat
with Pope
Retained seized
church land
Results
Equal taxation
Stable economy
Honest, competent
officials
Equal opportunity in
government
Public education
Religious tolerance
Government control
of church lands
Government
recognition of
church influence
Napoleon’s Mistakes
Effects on Empire
Continental System
Weakening of France
Peninsular War
Great loss of life and prestige
Russian invasion
Loss of much of army
Napoleon’s Career
Defense of
National
Convention
1795
Coup
1799
Emperor
Winning
Battles
1804
1805
Trafalgar
1805
Large
Empire
Russia
1810
1812
Elba
Waterloo
1814
1815
Metternich’s Plan at Congress
of Vienna
Problem
Solution
French Aggression
Surrounding France with strong
countries
Power struggles between countries
Creating a balance of power so
that no country can dominate
others
Lack of legitimate leaders
Restoring royal families to their
thrones
Revolution
Glorious
American
French
Causes
Hopes
Outcome
CST Review
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Cluster 2: Industrial Expansion and
Imperialism (Standards 10.3-10.4)
Seven reasons why Great Britain was the
first country to Industrialize
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Land
Capital
Labor supply
Resources
Transportation system
Entrepreneurs
Government Support
Effects of Industrialization
Size of cities
•Factories
developing near sources of energy
•Many new industrial cities specializing in certain industries
•Urban areas doubling, tripling, or quadrupling in size
•Growth of factories, bringing job seekers to cities
Living
Conditions
*No sanitary codes or building codes
*Lack of Adequate housing, education, and police protection
*Lack of running water and indoor plumbing
*Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums
*Eventually, better housing, healthier diets, and cheaper
clothing
Working
conditions
*Industrialization creates new jobs for workers
*Workers trying to keep pace with machine
*Factories dirty and unsanitary
*Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in unsafe
conditions
*Harsh and severe factory discipline
*Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, better working
conditions
Effects of Industrialization
Emerging
Social Classes
Questions
*Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and
merchants
*Upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of rich
middle class
*Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers
*workers overworked and underpaid
*Rising standard of living, with some groups excluded
1.
2.
Which social class benefited most and which suffered
most from Industrialization?
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of
industrialization?
Industrial Revolution Brings
Change
Economic
New Social classes emerged
New political philosophies erupted from
the Industrial Revolution
The gap widened between industrialized
nations and non-industrialized nations
New inventions like the railroad changed
the way people transported goods and
traveled
Many of the changes are present in
today’s society
Social
Political
Technological Advances
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Kay’s flying shuttle helped speed up weaving
Arkwright’s water frame enabled more efficient weaving and
created the need for factories
Cotton gin sped up cleaning of cotton
Steam Engine provided power for factories
Capitalism vs. Marxism
Capitalist Ideas (Adam Smith)
Marxist Ideas
-Progress results when individual follow
-All great movements in history are the
result of an economic class struggle.
-The “haves” take advantage of the
“have-nots.”
-The Industrial Revolution intensified
the class struggle.
-Workers are exploited by employers.
-The labor or workers creates profit for
employers
-The capitalist system will eventually
destroy itself. The state will wither
away as a classless society develops.
Which ideas of Marxism seems to be a
direct reaction to the Industrial
Revolution?
Which system of ideas seems dominant
in the world today?
their own self interest.
-Businesses follow their own selfinterest when they compete with one
another for consumers money.
-Each producer tried to provide goods
and services that are better and less
expensive than those of competitors
-Consumers compete with one another
to purchase the best goods at the
lowest price.
-Market economy aims to produce the
best products and the lowest prices.
-Governments should not interfere in
the economy.
The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects
Social Effects
*New inventions and
development of factories
*Rapidly growing industry in
the 1800s
*Increased production and
higher demand for raw
materials
*Growth of worldwide trade
*Population explosion and
large labor force
*Exploitation of mineral
resources
*Highly developed banking
and investment system
*Advances in transportation,
agriculture, and
communication
*Long hours worked by
children in factories
*Increased in population of
cities
*Poor city planning
*Loss of family stability
*Expansion of middle class
*Harsh conditions for
laborers
*Workers progress vs. laissez
faire economic attitudes
*Improved standard of living
*Creation of new jobs
*Encouragement of
technological progress
Political Effects
*Child labor laws to end
abuses
*Reformers urging equal
distribution of wealth
*Trade Unions
*Social reform movements,
such as utilitarianism,
utopianism, socialism and
Marxism
*Reform bills in Parliament
Movement
Description
Social
Conditions
Artists
Romanticism
Emotional
Approach
Common people
in heroic fight
against tyranny
Byron,
Beethoven,
Victor Hugo
Realism
Objective
Approach
Everyday
working people
& problems of
industrial age
Balzac, Zola,
Dickens,
Courbet
Impressionism
Using light &
color to catch
the fleeting
moment
A more positive
view of urban,
industrialized
society
Manet, Monet,
Degas, Renoir
Imperialism
Forms of Imperialism
Characteristics
Example
Colony
A country or region
governed internally by a
foreign power.
Somaliland in East Africa
was a French colony
Protectorate
A country or territory with
its own internal
government but under the
control of an outside power
Britain established a
protectorate over the
Niger River Delta
Sphere of Influence
Area in which an outside
power claims exclusive
investment or trading
privileges
Liberia was under the
sphere of influence of the
United States
Economic
Imperialism
Independent but less
developed nations
controlled by private
business interest rather
than by other governments
Dole Fruit company
controlled Pineapple
trade in Hawaii
1. Which two forms are
guided by interests in
business or trade?
2. What is the difference
between a protectorate and a
colony?
Management Methods
Indirect Control
Direct Control
-Local government officials were used
-Limited self-rule
-Goal: to develop future leaders
-Government institutions based on
European styles but may have local rule
-Foreign officials brought in to rule
-No self rule
-Goal: assimilation
-Government institutions based only on
European styles
Examples:
-British colonies of Nigeria, India,
Burma
-U.S. Colonies on Pacific Islands
Examples:
-French colonies of Somaliland and
Vietnam
-German colonies such as Tanganyika
-Portuguese colonies such as Angola
1. In which management method are
the people less empowered to rule
themselves?
2. In what ways are the two
management methods different?
Resistance to Imperialism
Africa
Armed resistance
all over the
continent
Muslim Lands
Attempts at
modernization
India
Armed rebellion &
information of
nationalist parties
Southeast Asia
Armed resistance
in some areas;
modernization in
others
Imperialism:
Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political
and social lives of the people they colonized
New Imperialism,
1850-1914
Causes
Nationalism
To gain power, European
nations compete for
colonies and trade.
Economic Competition
Demand for raw materials
and new markets, spur
a search for colonies.
Missionary Spirit
Europeans believe they
must spread their
Christian teachings to
the world.
Imperialism:
Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political
and social lives of the people they colonized
New Imperialism
1850-1914
Effects
Colonization
Europeans control land
and people in areas of
Africa, Asia, and
Latin America.
Colonial Economics
Europeans control trade
in colonies and set up
dependent cash-crop
economies.
Christianization
Christianity spreads to
Africa, India, and Asia
Transformations Around the Globe
Foreign Influence
China
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Fails to prevent Britain from
pursuing illegal opium trade in
1839 Opium War
Deals with internal unrest during
almost two decades of Hong
Xiuguan’s Taiping Rebellion
Attempts to build self-sufficiency
during 1860s in self-strengthening
movement
Violently opposes foreigners in
1900 Boxer Rebellion
Begins to establish constitutional
government in 1908
Latin America
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Depends on exports to fuel
economy
Receives much foreign investment
Gains U.S. military support in 1898
Spanish-American War
Becomes crossroads of world trade
when U.S. completes Panama
Canal in 1914
Transformations Around the Globe
Foreign Influence
Japan
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Signs 1854 Treaty of Kangawa,
opening Japanese ports to foreign
trade
Modernizes based on Western
models during Meiji era(18671912)
Fights 1894 Sino-Japanese War
seeking control of Korea
Wages 1904 Russo-Japanese War
seeking control of Manchuria
Annexes Korea in 1910
Mexico
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Fights to hold Texas
territory from U.S.
colonialism (1835-1845)
Tries to establish a national
identity in the early 1850s
under Benito Juarez’s La
Reforma
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Overcomes French
occupation in 1867
Stages Mexican Revolution
in 1910
Cluster 3: Causes and effects
of the First World War
Standards 10.5-10.6
Causes of World War I
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Militarism
Alliance System
Nationalism
Imperialism
Assassination
Triple Alliance
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Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Triple Entente
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Great Britain
France
Russia
Causes of World War I
Events that led to WWI
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1882-Triple Alliance formed
1890-German foreign policy
changed
1890s-European arms race
1907-Triple Entente formed
1908-Austria annexed Bosnia &
Herzegovina
1914-Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and wife
assassinated
Schlieffen Plan
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German plan for
possible two front
war: Large part of
German army races
west to defeat
France then return
to fight Russia in
the east.
Causes of World War I
War Declaration
Reason for Declaration
Germany on Russia
Saw Russian troops on German
border as a threat
Germany on France
Wanted a quick victory in the west
Britain on Germany
Outraged over violation of Belgian
neutrality
Comparison of Western and
Eastern Fronts
Western Front
-Trench Warfare
-Small land gains
-Germany vs. Britain & France
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Both Fronts:
Huge number of soldiers killed
Mass destruction of land
Deplorable conditions
Stalemates
Eastern Front
-Absence of trenches
-Larger land gains
-Germans, Austrians, Turks vs.
Russians & Serbs
-More mobile warfare
Alliances
Allies/Allied Powers
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Great Britain
France
Russia
United States
Central Powers
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Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Turks
Reasons for U.S. entry into World War I
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Germans sink the Lusitania, a British ship carrying some American passengers
Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare sinking U.S. ships
Zimmerman note decoded-German note urging Mexico to take up arms
against the U.S.
Strong feeling of sympathy for the allies
Total War Affected Warring
Nation’s Economies
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Governments took control of economies, telling factories what
& how much to produce
Civilian factories were turned into munitions factories
Rationing was common
Women became a significant part of work force
More people were put to work
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
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End to secret treaties
Freedom of the Seas
Free Trade
Reduced national armies and navies
Adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial
peoples
Specific suggestions for changing & creating new nations
guided by self-determination principle
General association of nations that would protect great &
small states alike (League of Nations)
Treaty of Versailles:
Major Provisions
League of
Nations
Territorial Losses
Military
Restrictions
War Guilt
-International peace
organization;
membership included
Allied war powers &
32 allied & neutral
nations
-Germany & Russia
excluded
-Germany returns
Alsace-Lorraine to
France; French
border extended to
west bank of the
Rhine river.
-Germany surrenders
all of it’s overseas
colonies in Africa &
Pacific
-Limits set on size of
the German army
-Germany prohibited
from importing or
manufacturing
weapons or war
material
-Germany forbidden
to build or buy
submarines or have
an air force
-Sole responsibility
for the war placed on
Germany’s shoulders
-Germany forced to
pay the allies 33
billion in reparations
over 30 years
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1. In what ways did the treaty punish Germany?
2. What two provinces were returned to France as a result of the treaty?
The Great War
Long-Term Causes
Immediate Causes
-Nationalism spurs competition among
European nations.
-Imperialism deepens national rivalries.
-Militarism leads to large standing
armies.
-Two alliance system divides Europe
into two rival camps.
-Assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand June 1914 prompts Austria
to declare war on Serbia
-Alliance system requires nations to
support their allies. European countries
declare war on one another
Long-Term Effects
Immediate Effects
-Many nations feel bitter and betrayed
by the peace settlements.
-Problems that helped cause the warnationalism, competition-remain.
-A generation of Europeans are killed or
wounded.
-Dynasties fall in Germany, AustriaHungary, and Russia
-New countries are created.
-League of Nations is established to
help promote peace.
Effects of WWI
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Millions of lives lost
$338 billion in cost
Land, towns, & villages destroyed
Widespread disillusionment
World Between the Wars:
Contributions
Field
Contributors
Philosophy
-Sarte
-Jaspers
-Nietzsche
Literature
-Kafka-people in threatening situations
-Joyce-stream of consciousness
Art
Architecture
Music
Existentialism
-Klee-expressionism
-Kandinsky-expressionism
-Braque-cubism
-Picasso-cubism
-Dali-surrealism
-Wright
-Gropius
-Stravinsky- The Right of Spring
Schoenberg-created 12 tone scale
-Ellington-Jazz
-African American Musicians-jazz
Science Between the World Wars
Albert Einstein
-Theory of Relativity changed
scientific thought
-Upset absolute laws of Science
-Findings used to develop atomic
weaponry
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Sigmund Freud
-Developed new theory of human
mind
-Ushered in era of psychoanalysis
-Created new understanding of
human behavior
Which man’s ideas had a bigger impact on the world?
The Great Depression
Long-Term Causes
-World economies are connected.
-Some countries have huge war debts
from WWI.
-Europe relies on American loans and
investments.
-Prosperity built on borrowed money
-Wealth is unequally distributed.
Long-Term Effects
-Nazis take control of Germany
-Fascist come to power in other
countries
-Democracies try social welfare
programs
-Japan expands in East Asia
-World War II breaks out
Immediate Causes
-U.S. stock market Crashes. (1929)
-Banks demand repayment of loans.
-Farms fail and factories close.
-Americans reduce foreign trade to
protect economy.
-Americans stop loans to foreign
countries
-American banking system collapses.
Immediate Effects
-Millions become unemployed
-Businesses go bankrupt
-Governments take emergency
measures to protect economies
-Citizens lose faith in capitalism and
democracy
-Nations turn toward authoritarian
leaders
Cluster 4: Causes and
Effects of the Second
World War
Standards 10.7-10.8
Causes and Effects of the Two Russian
Revolutions
Causes
Russian Revolutions of
1917
-Widespread discontent
among all classes
-Agitation from
revolutionaries
-Weak leadership of Czar
Nicholas II
-Defeat in RussoJapanese War (1905)
-Bloody Sunday (1905)
-Losses in WWI
-Strikes and riots
-Abdication of Czar
Nicholas II
-Failure of provisional
government
-Growing power of
Soviets
-Lenin’s return to Russia
-Bolshevik takeover under
Lenin
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Effects
-Civil War (1918-1920)
-Czar & family killed-end
of czarist rule
-Peace with Germany
under Treaty of BrestLitovsk (1918)
-Bolshevik control of
government
-Russian economy in
ruins
1. Based on the chart, form a generalization about why the Russian
Revolutions occurred?
2. What similarities exist between the causes of the Revolution and
the effects?
Significant Events from End of
Czarist Rule to Communist Rule
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1891-Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway begins
1894-Czar Nicholas II becomes last Russian czar
1917-Russian Revolution ends czarist rule
1921-Lenin launches New Economic Policy
1922-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formed
Totalitarianism
Key Traits
Description
Dictatorship &
One-Party Rule
-Exercises absolute authority
-Dominates the government
Dynamic Leader
-Helps unite people towards meeting shared goals
or realizing common vision
-Encourages people to devote their unconditional
loyalty & uncritical support to the regime
-Becomes a symbol of the government
Ideology (Set of
Beliefs)
-Justifies government actions
-Glorifies the aims of the state
Totalitarianism
Key Traits
Description
State Control Over
the Individual
-business
-family life
-labor
-youth groups
-housing
-religion
-education
-the arts
State Control Over
the Individual
-Demands total obedience to authority & personal
sacrifice for the good of the state
-Denies basic liberties
Dependence on
Modern Technology
-Relies on mass communication, such as radios and loud
speakers to spread propaganda
-Builds up advanced military weapons
Organized Violence
-Uses force, such as police terror, to crush opposition
-Targets certain groups, such as national minorities &
political opponents, as enemies
Stalin’s Use of Weapons
of Totalitarianism
Weapons
Examples
Police Terror
-Great Purge
-Execution of Kulaks
Propaganda
-Socialist realism
-Training of youth
Censorship
-Government-controlled media
Religious Persecution
-Destruction of buildings
-Elimination of leadership
Aggression in Europe and
Asia, 1930-1939
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Sept.
Oct.
Mar.
July.
Mar.
Sept.
Mar.
Apr.
1931 Japan invades Manchuria
1935 Italy attacks Ethiopia
1936 Germany occupies Rhineland
1937 Japan invades China
1938 Germany annexes Austria
1938 Germany takes the Sudetenland
1939 Germany seizes Czechoslovakia
1939 Italy conquers Albania
Japan’s Move from Democratic
Reform to Military Aggression
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1922-Japan signs treaty agreeing to respect China’s borders
1928-Japan signs Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war
1930-Great Depression puts Military in control
1931-Japan invades Manchuria
1936-Japan allies with Germany
1937-Japan invades China
Germany’s Aggressive Actions
(under Hitler)
European Response
Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty
and rebuilds Germany’s armed
forces
No response
Germany seizes the Rhineland
Great Britain urges appeasement
Germany takes Austria
France and Great Britain ignore
pledge to protect Austria
After Munich conference
Great Britain and France let
Germany take the Sudetenland
Comparing Fascism/Nazism and
Communism
Fascism/Nazism
Basic Principles
Communism
Authoritarian; action-oriented;
Charismatic leader, state more important
than individual
Marxist-Leninist ideas;
dictatorship of proletariat;
state more important than
individual
Nationalist; racist (Nazism); one-party
rule; supreme leader
Internationalist; one-party
rule; supreme leader
Social
Supported by middle class, industrialist &
military
Supported by workers &
peasants
Cultural
Censorship; indoctrination; secret police
Censorship; indoctrination;
secret police
Economic
Private property control by state
corporations or state
Collective ownership;
centralized state planning
Examples
Italy, Spain, Germany
U.S.S.R.
Political
Allies
Great Britain
France
Soviet Union
United States
Axis Powers
Germany
Japan
Italy
Early Events of WWII
Cause
Effect
First Blitzkrieg
-The fall of Poland
Allies stranded at Dunkirk
-338,000 soldiers saved
-British forces leave Western
Europe
British radar detects German
aircraft
-British able to hold off German
occupation
Lend-Lease Act
-U.S. supplied Allies with war
goods
-U.S. decision to favor Allies
War in the Pacific: 1941-1943
Event 1
Japan bombs Pearl Harbor
Event 2
United States bombs Tokyo
Event 3
Battle of Midway
Event 4
Battle of Guadalcanal
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Which event was the most important in turning the tide of the
war against Japan? Why?
World War II Battles
Battles
Outcomes
Battle of El Alamein
Rommel’s army defeated in North Africa
Battle of Stalingrad
Held by Soviets
D-Day Invasion
Allies held beachheads
Battle of the Bulge
Allies eventually pushed Germans back
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Which battle was the most important turning point? Why?
Aftermath of War in Europe and
Japan
Europe
-Displaced persons looking for
families
-Famine
-Rise of Communism
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Both Europe and Japan
Destruction of land and property
Natural resources depleted
Heavy loss of life
Major cities in shambles
Japan
-Japanese emperor no longer a
god
-Japanese people humiliated
-Radiation poisoning from the
atomic bomb
Events of WWII
Europe
Pacific
Aug.- Nonaggression pact
Sept.- Germany invades Poland
1939
May-Evacuation of British forces
at Dunkirk
June-France surrenders
Battle of Britain begins
1940
June-Germany invades Soviet
Union
1941 Dec.-1941 Japanese attack
Pearl Harbor
Aug.-Hitler orders attack on
Stalingrad
Nov.-Allies land in North Africa
1942 Apr.-Allies surrender in
Philippines, Bataan Death
march
May-Japanese turned back at
Battle of Coral Sea
June-Japanese defeated at
Midway
Events of WWII
Europe
Pacific
Feb.-Germans surrender at
Stalingrad
1943 Feb.-Japanese abandon the
island of Guadalcanal
June-Allies invade Europe
on D-Day
Dec.-Battle of the Bulge begins
1944 Oct.-Allies defeat Japanese at
Battle of Leyte Gulf
May-Germany surrenders
1945 Mar.-Allies capture Iwo Jima
Aug.-Atomic bombs dropped on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Sept.-Japan Surrenders
Cluster 5: International
Developments in the Post
World War II Era
Standard 10.9-10.11
Superpowers Aims in Europe Post
World War II
Encourage democracy in other
countries to prevent rise of
Communism
Encourage Communism in other
countries as part of world wide
workers revolution
Gain access to raw materials &
markets to fuel booming industries
Rebuilt its war-ravaged economy
using Eastern Europe’s industrial
equipment & raw material
Rebuild European governments to
promote stability & create new
markets for American goods
Control Eastern Europe to protect
Soviet borders & balance the U.S.
influence
Reunite Germany to stabilize it &
increase the security of Europe
Keep Germany divided to prevent
its waging war again
Causes of the Cold War





Incompatible political & economic philosophies
Conflicting aims in Europe
Desire for world domination
Soviet defiance of Yalta agreement
Berlin Blockade
Stalin’s Objectives in supporting
Communist Governments in Eastern
Europe




To
To
To
To
protect borders
counteract U.S. influence in Europe
have access to raw materials
Keep Germany for rebuilding and attacking Russia again
Cold War Tactics





Backing Wars or Revolutions
Spying
Increasing military forces & nuclear arsenals
Providing military and economic aid
Setting up schools
Comparison of Causes and Effects
of Wars in Korea and Vietnam
Korea
Neither side gained advantage
Vietnam
Soviet-supported North Vietnam
won
Both Korea & Vietnam



American involvement stemmed from Cold War
Land was destroyed
Millions of people died
U.S. Presidents Contribution to Cold
War Tensions
Increased
Decreased
Eisenhower
Nixon
Kennedy
Ford
Johnson
Carter
Reagan
Chinese Political Opponents
1945
Nationalist
Communist
Chiang Kai-shek
Leader
Southern China
Area Ruled
Mao Zedong
Northern China
United States
Foreign Support
Soviet Union
Defeat of Communists
Domestic Policy
National liberation
Weak due to inflation
& failing economy
Public Support
Strong due to
promised land reform
Ineffective, corrupt
leadership & poor
morale
Military Organization
Experienced,
motivated guerrilla
army
Main Events of U.S. Involvement in
Cuba





Castro nationalize U.S. owned sugar mills
Eisenhower orders embargo on trade
Castro turns to Soviets for aid
Bay of Pigs invasion
Cuban Missile Crisis
Major Challenges of Countries
after Independence
Nation
Colonizer
Challenges after
independence
Philippines
United States
Military Bases
Bell Trade Act
Difficulties with
Democracy
Assassinations
Marcos stealing money
Burma
Great Britain
Unstable Governments
Assassinations
Ethnic conflicts
Indonesia
Netherlands
Ethnic Conflicts
Coup
Gap between rich and
poor
Suez Crisis
July 26, 1956
Egyptian President Gamal Nasser
Nationalizes Suez Canal
Declares Martial Law
Six-Day War
June 1967
Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, and
Syria
Blockade Straits of Tiran
Israel gains control of Sinai
Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank
Yom Kippur War
October 6-25, 1973
Sadat Peace Offer
Camp David Accords
Sept 1978
Egyptian and Syrian attack on
Israel
Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat
Negotiations with Israel
Peace treaty between Egypt and
Israel
Conflict over Palestine
Belief of Jews
Believe their right to a
Palestinian homeland
is a covenant from
God
Belief of Arabs
Other Influences
Believe land belongs
Oil interest
to them since the Jews Persecution of Jews in
were driven out in
Europe
A.D. 135
Believed it belonged to
then since their 7th
century conquest of
the region
Significant Events in the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe from
1985-1995





1985-1987-Gorbachev introduces glasnost, perestroika, and
democratic reforms; signs INF treaty
1989-Berlin Wall comes down; Poland, Hungary, Romania, and
Czechoslovakia oust Communist leaders
1990-Germany reunified; Polish voters choose Solidarity;
Romania holds elections
1993-Neo-Nazis kill Turkish immigrants in Germany
1994-Socialist win in Hungary
Gorbachev’s Reforms



Glasnost encouraged freedom of speech and citizen
participation
Perestroika promised to improve the economy
Democratic reforms provided more open elections
Break up of the Soviet Union,
Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia
Soviet Union
Yugoslavia
Czechoslovakia
Ethnic Tensions
Desire for self-rule by various
republics
Hard-liners’ loss of control of
people
Ethnic Tensions
Loss of Tito’s authority
Serbian aggression
Economic differences between
regions