Transcript europe - Madison County Schools

EUROPE
Chapter 13
Human Geography of Europe
Diversity, Conflict, Union
Classical World
 Two Mediterranean
civilizations developed as
models for the western
world.
 Ancient Greece – reached
its peak during the 400s
and 300s B.C.
 The Roman Empire –
reached the height of its
power between 27 B.C. and
A.D. 180
 Christianity became the
official religion of the
Roman Empire in A.D. 392
Ancient Greece
The Acropolis in Athens, Greece.
The Middle Ages
 From A.D. 500 to 1500,
feudalism – a system in which
powerful lords gave land to
nobles in return for pledges of
loyalty – replaced centralized
government.
 The Roman Catholic Church
became the most powerful
force in Europe.
 Islam, also spread throughout
Spain, contributing much of
the culture of Europe.
The Crusades
 Beginning in the 1000s,
western European forces
carried out the Crusades –
a series of religious wars
to win Palestine from
Muslim rule (Islam).
 Europeans failed to win
permanent control of the
area, but did extend trade
routes to the eastern
Mediterranean.
The Renaissance
 Beginning in the early 1300s, the
Renaissance – a 300 year period of
classical learning and the arts –
brought about great advancements in
European civilization.
 Scholars and artists were influenced
by the cultures of ancient Greece and
Rome.
The Renaissance
 A religious movement – the
Reformation – lessened the power of
the Roman Catholic Church and led to
the beginning of Protestantism.
 Encouraged scientific advancements
and world exploration.
 Innovation of movable type in
printing spread new ideas faster and
easier.
The Renaissance
A Changing Europe
 Industrial Revolution began in Great
Britain in the 1700s and rapidly
spread.
 Power-driven machinery and new
methods of production transformed
life in Europe.
 Led to the growth of a prosperous
middle class of merchants and factory
owners.
Industrial Revolution
Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c 1870. Shows the densely populated and
polluted environments created in the new industrial cities.
Industrial Revolution
A Watt steam engine in a museum in Madrid. The development of the steam engine started
the industrial revolution in Great Britain.
Industrial Revolution
A Changing Europe
 Social problems in 1848, led to the
birth of Communism – an economic
and political system designed to
establish classless societies.
Statue of Marx and Engels in
Alexanderplatz, Berlin. The
statues acquired the unofficial
nickname "the Pensioners", and
were also said to be sitting on
their suitcases waiting for
permission to emigrate to the
West.
Political Revolutions
 Political Revolutions began:
 1600s - the English Parliament passed a Bill
of Rights that limited the powers of the
monarch.
 French Revolution in 1789 made France a
republic and spread the ideals of democracy.
 During the 1800s, uprisings took place in
Spain, Italy, Greece, Belgium, & Poland.
 By 1900, most European nations had
democratic constitutions that guaranteed
some human rights.
French Revolution
Painting by Jean-Pierre Louis Laurent Houel (1735-1813),
entitled Prise de la Bastille ("The storm of the Bastille").
French Revolution
After the French Revolution, Louis XVI was beheaded
with Dr. Guillotin's invention, the guillotine.
French Revolution
Guillotine: between
18,000 to 40,000 people
were executed during
the Reign of Terror.
Conflict & Division
 World War I from 1914-1918
 Nationalistic rivalry & competition for colonies
among European nations helped cause WWI
 The Allied Powers (led by Britain and France,
and, after 1917, the United States) defeated
the Central Powers (led by the German
Empire, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman
Empire)
 Allied powers won and imposed harsh terms
on Germany
World War I
Conflict & Division - WWII
 World War II from 1939-1945
 German resentment over the terms of WWI helped
cause WWII
 Germany, lead by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, tried to
conquer Europe.
 Nazis also carried out the Holocaust, a program of
mass murder of European Jews and other minorities.
 The war was initially fought between Germany and
the Allies.
 The Allies at first consisted only of the United
Kingdom, France and Poland.
 Germany was later joined by Italy, jointly known as
the Axis Powers, and Japan.
World War II
 On June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet
Union, pulling that country into the war.
 On December 7, 1941, the USA also entered the
war on the Allies' side after first Japan and then
Germany respectively attacked and declared war
on the US.
 China, which had been engaged in war with Japan
since the mid-1930s, also entered the Allies camp.
 Germany surrendered to the Allies in May of 1945.
The war ended on September 2, 1945 with the
formal surrender of Japan.
World War II
Counterclockwise from
top: Allied landing on
Normandy beaches on DDay, the 1936 Nuremberg
Rally, the Nagasaki atom
bomb, Red Army soldiers
raising the Soviet flag
over the Reichstag in
Berlin, the gate of a Nazi
concentration camp at
Auschwitz.
After WWII
 Germany was split into 2 nations
 West Germany was allied with nonCommunist Europe & the U.S.
 East Germany was allied with the
Communist Soviet Union
 The capital city, Berlin, was also
divided and cut in two by the Berlin
Wall
Conflict & Division
 Eastern European countries came
under Communist rule which led to
the Cold War, a power struggle
between the Soviet Union and the
U.S.
Fidel Castro
embracing
Soviet
Premier
Nikita
Khrushchev.
Cooperation & Unity
 In the 1980s, reform movements
swept through Eastern Europe.
 In 1989 & 1990, free elections led to
the end of Communist rule.
 For example, in 1989, antiCommunist reforms swept through
Europe and East Germany opened the
Berlin Wall
 In 1990, the 2 Germanys reunited
under a democratic government
Europe Today
 Europe is a multicultural continent.
 More than 30 countries whose people
speak more than 50 different
languages.
 Recent years have seen Europeans
want to be unified.
 Many countries belong to the
European Union.
European Union
 European Union – an economic unit
forming a single market for their
resources.
 Member nations now have a single
currency – the Euro.
 Goods, services, workers, and money
can now move more freely among the
member countries.
 See page 326
European Union
Population
 Europe is smaller than any other
continent except for Australia.
 Only Asia is more densely populated.
 Europe’s population is about 511
million
Population
 Germany ranks as the most heavily
populated nation in Europe with 82
million.
 Vatican City is the smallest country in
the world with a population of around
1,000.
 It is only 109 acres and important
because it is the headquarters of the
Roman Catholic church.
Culture - Religion
 Religion has shaped European values.
 Most of Europe’s Christians are
Roman Catholic in southern Europe
and in northern Europe they are
Protestant.
 Eastern Orthodox faith in Eastern
Europe.
Culture - Education
 Very few European countries have
literacy rates below 90% (many have
100%).
 Public, mandatory schooling ranges
from one country to another.
Health Care
 Good health care and nutrition have
given European’s a high life
expectancy (69 men and 77 women).
 Highest life expectancy anywhere
except for North America.
 Most governments in Europe help pay
for health care with tax supported
medical care and welfare.
Sports & Recreation




Soccer – national sport in Europe.
Rugby is also very popular.
Tennis (Wimbledon in England).
Skiing and winter sports are also
popular in Europe (think about all
those mountains).
Soccer
Real Madrid in white v. Real
Sociedad in black on January
5, 2005
Chelsea's (a team in the English
Premier League) home ground is
Stamford Bridge, in London
Rugby
English Rugby
League
Gateshead Thunder
take on Limoux in
the Challenge Cup.
Tennis
Wimbledon
Skiing & Winter Sports
Cross-country skiing (skating style) in Einsiedeln,
Switzerland.