Transcript most affect - mrgilliamsworldhistory

MSL Review
Why did Stone Age people practice slash-and
burn agriculture?
A.
B.
C.
D.
To fulfill spiritual beliefs
To make irrigation easier
To drive away wild animals
To clear land for farming
Jewish and Christian beliefs differ from the
Greco-Roman tradition in matters concerning
the importance of
A.
B.
C.
D.
the role of law.
individual morality.
belief in one God.
the family unit.
Who believed that in an ideal society the
government should be controlled by a class of
“philosopher kings”?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Muhammad
Plato
Lao-tzu
Thomas Aquinas
He who trusts any man with supreme power gives it to a wild beast, for such his appetite
sometimes makes him: passion influences those in power, even the best of men, but law is
reason without desire…
-Aristotle
Which feature of modern Western democratic
government reflects Aristotle’s views as given above?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The direct election of members of the legislature
The power of the courts to review the law
The granting of emergency powers to the chief executive
The requirement that government actions must adhere to the
law
When a country’s constitution requires the
branches of government to remain independent
of each other, it is adhering to the constitutional
principle of
A.
B.
C.
D.
popular sovereignty.
separation of powers.
federalism.
direct democracy.
The English philosopher John Locke argued that
life, liberty, and property are
A. natural rights that should be protected by
government.
B. political rights to be granted as determined by law.
C. economic rights earned in a capitalistic system.
D. social rights guaranteed by the ruling class.
In medieval Europe, law and order were
maintained by the
A.
B.
C.
D.
legions.
merchants.
nobility.
serfs.
How did the Magna Carta (1215) contribute to
the development of the English government?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It created a two-house parliament.
It extended voting rights.
It provided for a bill of rights.
It limited the power of the monarch.
The principles of the American Revolution and
the French Revolution are similar in many ways.
Which of the following best summarizes their
similarities?
A. Both favored representative governments.
B. Both limited voting rights to an economic elite.
C. Both retained certain hereditary rights for
aristocrats.
D. Both supported equal rights for women.
In which of the following documents is the
principle of limitation of governmental power first
stated?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Magna Carta
Declaration of Independence
English Bill of Rights
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen
Unlike the French Revolution, the American
Revolution produced
A.
B.
C.
D.
women’s suffrage.
short-term military rule.
strategic alliances.
a lasting constitution.
When members of the Third Estate took the
Tennis Court Oath (1789) at the start of the
French Revolution, they were attempting to
A.
B.
C.
D.
establish a military government.
draft a new national constitution
restore the king to power.
persuade Napoleon to take power.
Which leader was inspired by the ideas of the
American Revolution and Enlightenment to lead
the liberation of much of South America from
Spain?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Simon Bolivar
Padre Miquel Hidalgo
Jose Marti
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Which of these first demonstrated that popular
protest would play a role in the French
Revolution?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The reign of the Committee of Public Safety
The trial of Louis XIV
The fall of the Bastille
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
What was one factor that enabled Napoleon to
seize control of France?
A. The weakness of the French government
B. The endorsement by foreign governments
C. The support Napoleon received from French
aristocrats
D. The strong democratic reforms Napoleon advocated
The agricultural changes which took place in
England during the 1600s contributed to
England’s later industrial development by
A.
B.
C.
D.
Strengthening the importance of the family farm.
Breaking large estates into smaller farms.
Encouraging city dwellers to return to farming.
Producing more food with fewer workers.
To increase production output during the
Industrial Revolution, businesses primarily
invested in
A.
B.
C.
D.
workers’ wages.
machinery.
training.
marketing.
In the mid-1700s, how did trade contribute to the
early growth of an industrial economy in Great
Britain?
A. It allowed the British to educate their workforce.
B. It provided funds to pay high wages to the new labor
class.
C. It enabled British merchants to hire skilled foreign
laborers.
D. It gave British entrepreneurs the capital needed to open
new factories.
In the nineteenth century, labor unions
developed mostly in response to
A.
B.
C.
D.
increasing unemployment.
government ownership of businesses.
wages and working conditions.
racial and gender discrimination.
At the end of the 1800s, colonies were generally
seen as a
A.
B.
C.
D.
place to banish criminals.
sign of a country’s relative power.
location to train military forces.
method for suppressing nationalism.
According to some historians, Europe’s system
of alliances prior to 1914 increased the
likelihood that
A. democratic ideals would spread throughout the
continent.
B. nations would be protected from economic
exploitation.
C. colonization of undeveloped nations would cease.
D. small disputes would develop into large-scale wars.
In 1900, anti-foreign sentiment in China led to
an uprising known as the
A.
B.
C.
D.
Nian Rebellion.
Boxer Rebellion.
Taiping Rebellion.
Sepoy Rebellion.
Mohandas Gandhi used his philosophy of
nonviolent noncooperation in an effort to
A. form a Marxist government in India.
B. convince his fellow Indians to support the Allies in
World War II.
C. persuade Pakistanis to separate from India.
D. achieve India’s independence from Great Britain.
During World War I, U.S. propaganda posters
often portrayed German soldiers as
A.
B.
C.
D.
honorable opponents.
violators of human rights.
unbeatable enemies.
liberators of oppressed peoples.
1914, Ethiopia and Liberia were the only two
African countries to
A.
B.
C.
D.
establish democratic governments.
develop industrial economies.
retain their independence.
colonize other nations.
Why did Great Britain, France, and Russia form
the Triple Entente in 1907?
A. To protect their colonies from invasion by other
nations
B. To develop an economic alliance based on open
markets
C. To suppress minority nationalists in their own
countries
D. To respond to the increased military power of
Germany
One major reason for the tension between
France and Germany before World War I was
that
A. France had begun to surpass Germany in industrial
output.
B. Germany wanted to join the Triple Entente with Great
Britain.
C. Germany controlled French access to the North Sea
D. France wanted to regain lands previously seized by
Germany
How did Russia’s participation in World War I
affect its empire?
A. A string of decisive military victories gained land from the
Central Powers.
B. Russia’s sale of supplies to its western allies strengthened
its economy.
C. The czar adopted the reforms necessary to win the support
of the Russian people.
D. Economic hardships brought on by the war resulted in the
downfall of the czar.
Great Britain’s stated reason for declaring war
on Germany in 1914 was the
A. French attacks on German colonies.
B. U.S. entry into the war.
C. Serbian assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand.
D. German invasion of Belgium.
Why did most of the combat on the Western
Front in World War I take place in a relatively
small area?
A. There is only a small amount of flat land in all of
Europe.
B. The armies became immobile because of trench
warfare.
C. Each side cut off the fuel supply of the other.
D. Germany’s military tactics were based on “static
warfare.”
Which of the following most affected the course
and outcome of World War I?
A. Allied withdrawal from the Turkish peninsula of
Gallipoli.
B. British victories in the Sinai that secured the Suez
Canal.
C. American military and financial intervention in the
war.
D. The switch in allegiance of Italy from the Central
Powers to the Allies.
The Schlieffen Plan was designed by the
German military to
A. address U.S. troop deployments in France.
B. strengthen the defense of Germany’s colonies in
Africa.
C. neutralize Great Britain’s naval control of the North
Sea.
D. avoid the problem of fighting Allied powers on two
fronts.
One contribution of overseas colonies to the
Allied effort during World War I was that they
provided
A. large numbers of soldiers to reinforce the Allied
armies.
B. protected sites for new Allied industrial factories.
C. most of the agricultural labor in the Allied nations.
D. places of refuge for displaced Allied civilian
populations.
President Wilson said that his Fourteen Points
would provide a framework for
A.
B.
C.
D.
a lasting and just peace.
determining war reparations.
expanding colonial empires.
punishing aggressor nations.
A major goal of France and Great Britain at the
Conference of Versailles following World War I
was to
A.
B.
C.
D.
create a politically unified Europe.
keep Germany from rebuilding its military forces.
restore pre-war imperial governments to power.
help Germany rebuild its industrial economy.
Constructed Response Warm-Up
1. Give three lasting achievements of the Greeks
and three lasting achievements of the Romans
that can still be seen in today’s society. (may use
bullet format or sentences to answer question)
One way fascist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s
gained popular support was by
A. Promising to maintain peace with other countries.
B. Attracting foreign investment for industrial
development.
C. Limiting military influence in the government.
D. Appealing to national pride.
Lenin hoped that the Russian Revolution of
1917 would
A. Inspire the Russians to continue the European war
effort.
B. Incite similar socialist rebellions throughout Europe.
C. Persuade the combatants in Western Europe to sign
an armistice.
D. Counter U.S. military presence in Eastern Europe.
Stalin’s Great Purge from 1934 to 1939
A. Eliminated the army’s dominance in state
decisions.
B. Expanded Soviet agriculture at the expense of
industry.
C. Brought about the death of millions of people.
D. Replaced agricultural workers with technology.
In 1939, France and Great Britain declared war
on Germany as a direct result of the German
A.
B.
C.
D.
Annexation of Austria.
Occupation of the Rhineland.
Seizure of the Sudetenland.
Invasion of Poland.
Both the Italian Fascists and the German Nazis
gained power partly because they
A. Had the support of an electoral majority of their
nations’ peoples.
B. Carefully followed accepted democratic political
practices.
C. Used terror tactics against political opponents.
D. Represented the ideas of compromise and prudent
government.
The economic recovery of Japan following
World War II focused primarily on
A. Rebuilding its military and weapons capabilities.
B. Exporting raw materials in exchange for consumer
goods.
C. Developing an agricultural economy and marine
resources.
D. Developing industry and an export economy.
What was one major goal of the Soviet Union
during the early years of the Cold War?
A. To establish a competitive market economy
B. To create a defensive buffer zone in Eastern
Europe
C. To expand individual liberties in the Baltic republics
D. To attract foreign economic investments
Which of the following was a primary cause of
the Cold War between the United States and the
Soviet Union?
A. A competition for political influence over other
countries
B. Direct, armed conflict between the two nations
C. A deep reduction in military expenditures
D. The founding of the United Nations
U.S. intervention of the Vietnam came as a
result of the Cold War policy of
A.
B.
C.
D.
Détente.
Brinkmanship.
Appeasement.
Containment.
What crisis brought the Soviet Union and the
United States to the brink of nuclear war in
1962?
A. An attempt by leaders in communist Hungary to withdraw
from the Warsaw Pact.
B. The creation of East Germany as a separate Soviet military
occupation zone.
C. An invasion of South Korea by armed communist forces
from North Korea.
D. The installation in Cuba of Soviet offensive intermediaterange missiles.
The Arab oil embargo against the United States
in 1973 was initiated because of U.S. support
for
A.
B.
C.
D.
Egypt in the Suez Canal.
Iraq in its conflict with Iran.
Israel in the Yom Kippur War.
Greece in its conflict with Turkey.
NATO was created in order to
A. Develop goodwill between Eastern and Western
Europe.
B. Encourage diplomatic solutions to regional
problems in North Africa.
C. Facilitate regional economic development in North
America.
D. Create a unified military defense between the U.S.
and Western Europe
During medieval times, which of these groups
was legally tied to the land?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Serfs
Knights
Parish priests
Minor nobility
The Warsaw Pact was developed in 1955 as a
response to the
A. Formation of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization.
B. Start of the Communist revolution in Cuba.
C. U.S. development of the hydrogen bomb.
D. UN intervention in Korea.
China’s influence on Medieval Japan is
illustrated by Japan’s development of
A.
B.
C.
D.
A writing system.
The samurai tradition.
Haiku poetry.
a civil service exam.
How did the Crusades affect the economies of
Central and Western Europe?
A. Gold and silver brought back by crusaders caused
monetary inflation.
B. The Crusades led to a decline in the production of
crafts and food crops.
C. Cloth and spices brought back by crusaders led to
greater interest in trade.
D. The Crusades limited access to luxury goods from
China dn India
The signing of the Magna Carta was important
because it
A. Promoted a feudal society in the New World.
B. Gave all government power to the king and
noblemen.
C. Concentrated government power in a few
individuals.
D. Established the principle of limited government
power
All of the following factors contributed to the
decline of feudalism in Europe except the
A.
B.
C.
D.
Spread of the bubonic plague.
Military failure of the Crusades.
Travels of Marco Polo.
Growth of an urban merchant class.
European farmers in the Middle Ages rotated
the use of their land. Each year they planted
crops on only two-thirds of the farmland, and the
remaining one-third was left unused. As a result,
the soil was not depleted of nutrients. This is an
example of
A.
B.
C.
D.
Urbanization.
Supply and demand.
Sustainable resource use.
Desertification.
All of the following were lasting contributions of
the Muslim Empires except
A. Achievements in science, technology, and
mathematics.
B. Achievements in art and architecture.
C. Extensive trade networks in Africa and Asia.
D. Colonization of the Western Hemisphere.
What was the main contribution of Emperor Shi
Huangdi to China?
A. He unified most of China under one government.
B. He established a public education system in
China.
C. He required citizens to use the Mongol language.
D. He encouraged acceptance of the Hindu religion.
How did the rise to power and reign of
Alexander most affect Greece?
A. He established a peaceful relationship with the
Persian Empire.
B. He strengthened greatly the concept of democratic
rule.
C. He made Macedonia into the intellectual center of the
Hellenistic world.
D. He ended the power of the city-states and established
a unified nation
What was a major accomplishment of the
Justinian code?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The right of free speech was established.
Greek and Roman laws were preserved.
Chinese and Japanese architecture was copied.
The right to practice any religion was permitted.
Which characteristic did Aztec and Incan
societies share?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Laws that made slavery illegal
Families dominated by women
Government by direct democracy
Complex religious ceremonies
Artifacts are objects left behind by humans.
Scientists and historians study artifacts to
A.
B.
C.
D.
Create museum displays.
Learn about earlier people.
Predict the future.
Make movies.
Which earlier civilization most influenced the
Roman Empire?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Phoenician
Greek
Incan
Etruscan
The government of the Roman Republic was
characterized by all of the following features
except
A.
B.
C.
D.
The rule of law.
Separation of powers.
The idea of civic duty.
Voting rights for women.
Mesopotamians built ziggurats to be used as
A.
B.
C.
D.
Schools
Theaters.
Burial chambers.
Religious temples.
Which of the following is a primary source from
ancient Mesopotamia?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A novel about Hammurabi
A Sumerian cuneiform tablet
A textbook on Assyrian culture
An encyclopedia article about Ur
The Nile River often floods its banks. These
floods were an advantage to the people of
ancient Egypt because the floodwaters
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fertilized the farmland in the river valley.
Protected the treasures buried in the pyramids.
Made it easier for ships to carry goods upstream.
Prevented invading armies from reaching Egyptian
cities.
How did geographic features influence the
diffusion and settlement of the Phoenician
and Greek traders?
a. Both had access to the Mediterranean Sea
b. The monsoon winds made ocean travel easier.
c. The arid climate encouraged migration.
d. Russia’s rivers provided ease of travel.
The epilogue laws of justice which Hammurabi, the wise king, established; a
righteous law, and pious statute did he teach the land. . . . the decisions which I
have made will this inscription show him; let him rule his subjects accordingly,
speak justice to them, give right decisions, root out the miscreants and criminals
from this land, and grant prosperity to his subjects. Hammurabi, the king of
righteousness, on whom Shamash has conferred right (or law) am I. My words are
well considered; my deeds are not equaled; to bring low those that were high; to
humble the proud, to expel insolence.
- Code of Hammurabi, Epilogue
How did the implementation of codified laws such as the
Code of Hammurabi affect the people of ancient
societies?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It unified the various peoples and laws within the empire.
It reduced the authority of the king over the citizens.
It limited the role of government in the lives of citizens.
It established the separation of government and religion.
Which geographic features determined the
location of the early civilizations of Egypt,
Mesopotamia, China, and India?
a. oceans and coastlines
c. fertile soils and plains
b.rivers and valleys
d.rainy seasons and forests
How did Pericles influence the functioning
of Athenian government?
a. He introduced representative democracy.
b. He expanded direct democracy to new classes
of free men.
c. He increased the salaries of government
officials.
d. He greatly strengthened the authority of
military leaders in society.
In the Middle Ages, European monarchs
claimed to rule by “divine right”. What
purpose was served by this claim?
a. It enabled the separation of church and state.
b. It demonstrated that religion was stronger than
political power.
c. It enabled rulers to seize church lands.
d. It strengthened the monarch’s authority to
rule.
All merchants, unless they have been previously and publicly forbidden, are to have
safe and secure conduct in leaving and coming to England and in staying and going
through England both by land and by water to buy and to sell, without any evil exactions,
according to the ancient and right customs, save in time of war, and they should be
from a land at war against us and be found in our land at the eginning of the war, they
are to be attached without damage to their bodies or goods until it is established by us
or our chief justiciar in what way the merchants of our land are treated who at such a
time are found in the land that is at war with us, and if our merchants are safe there,
the other merchants are to be safe in our land.
- Magna Carta, 1297
Based on this passage from the Magna Carta,
which basic rights were improved by the English
barons?
a. trading rights
b. rights of the accused
c. civil rights
d. religious rights
How did the printing revolution contribute
to increased global interaction?
a. by making texts available to broader audiences,
leading to the spread of new ideas
b. by creating interchangeable parts that made
repairing the printing press easier
c. by mass producing the press to make it
available to small towns
d. by using color to gain the interest of more
people
Effects of the Plague (Black Death)
- Europe lost a third of its population.
- Labor shortages brought higher wages for many workers.
- Peasants left their manors, weakening the feudal system.
Which conclusion about effects of the plague can
be drawn from the listed information?
a. Catastrophic events can trigger changes in human institutions.
b. Tragic events can strengthen religion as people seek answers
in their faith.
c. People seek the comfort of traditional, familiar ways
following traumatic events.
d. Societies flourish during many types of disasters and
epidemics.
How did the new ideas and scientific advances of
the Renaissance challenge the Catholic Church?
a. New Renaissance universities, which emphasized scientific
research, gave most citizens educational opportunities that
challenged the religious institutions.
b. Individualism and humanist ideas from the Renaissance
challenged citizens to seek answers for themselves rather than
from religious institutions.
c. New merchant guilds formed by the middle class owed
allegiance to the leaders of the Renaissance rather than the
Catholic Church.
d. Feudal noble landowners accepted the scientific advances of
the Renaissance that were supported by the Catholic Church.
How was European society affected by
the Crusades?
a. Access to Asian luxury goods was severely limited
by war.
b. Invading Islamic armies destroyed farms and cities.
c. Importation of Asian luxury goods created a
greater interest in trade.
d. Peasant rebellions diminished as the power of the
Church grew.
28] No bailiff is henceforth to put any man on his open law or on oath
simply by virtue of his spoken word, without reliable witnesses being
produced for the same.
29] No freeman is to be taken or imprisoned or disseised [disposessed]
of his free tenement or of his liberties or free customs, or outlawed or
exiled or in any way ruined, nor will we go against such a man or send
against him save by lawful judgment of his peers or by hte law of the
land. we will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man
either Justice or Rights.
Which right had King John of England most
likely abused, according to these two clauses from
the Magna Carta?
a.
b.
right to privace
c.
right to a fair trial d.
right to free speech
right to petition
What was an important effect of the Black
Death (bubonic plague pandemic) on the
populations of Europe in the late 1340s?
a. decrease in public confidence in the Church
b. elevated position of lesser nobles and local
leaders
c. decline in average worker wages
d. increase in medical and
Which was an environmental effect of the
process of early industrialization?
a. the introduction of smallpox to American
Indians
b.the diffusion of new animal and plant species to
Afro-Eurasia
c. the process of desertification in Africa and Asia
d.the widespread deforestation in Europe and
North America
How is laissez-faire economics more
productive than an economy controlled by a
government?
a. Laissez-faire economics creates competition which
leads to innovation, greater profits for investors, and
lower product prices.
b. Laissez-faire economics creates competition which
results in improved working conditions, higher wages,
and healthcare benefits.
c. Laissez-faire economics creates a more nationalistic
economy in which local production is always preferred.
d. Laissez-faire creates an economy which is regulated by
government in order to create ideal working conditions.
Which is an effect of European exploration
of the Americas?
a. Germany extended its New World empire.
b. Spain dominated North and South America.
c. Africans were enslaved to work in mines and on
plantations.
d. American Indians maintained resistance to
African and Eurasian diseases.
What was a significant result of European
exploration through the Columbian
Exchange?
a. Europeans became dependant on crops from
America.
b. The bubonic plague spread throughout Europe.
c. European disease caused millions of deaths among
American Indians.
d. Raw materials from America became very expensive
due to scarcity.
Which was an environmental effect of the
process of early industrialization?
a. The introduction of smallpox to American
Indians.
b. The diffusion of new animal and plant species
to Afro-Eurasia.
c. The process of desertification in Africa and
Asia.
d. The widespread deforestation in Europe and
North America.
Timeline of Japan from 1850 to 1910
• 1853 – Commodore Perry of the United States ends Japanese isolation
• 1868 – Meiji Restoration
• 1870s – Japanese government develops manufacturing and railroad
industries
• 1872 – Western dress enforced for government ceremonies
• 1905 – Japan wins the Russo-Japanese War
• 1910 – Japan annexes Korea
What conclusion about Japan is supported by the timeline above?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Japan stopped farming rice.
Japan industrialized and became imperialistic.
Japan engaged in wars with western Europe
Japan became economically competitive with Britain.
International Violence Before WWII
• Japan invades Manchuria – 1931
• Italy invades Ethiopia – 1935
• Japan invades China – 1937
• Germany annexes Czechoslovakia – 1939
• Germany invades Poland – 1939
Using the information provided in the timeline
above, which historical conclusion can be
drawn about the cause of World War II?
a. Military alliances created many obligations to engage in
wars.
b. The Nazi party dominated politics in many European
nations.
c. The United Nations was too weak to prevent the spread of
totalitarianism.
d. Some nations were aggressive and imperialistic in their
efforts to expand.
How did Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of
Glasnost and Perestroika affect the Soviet
Union?
a. The power of the Soviet Union’s Communist
Party was strengthened.
b. Many Soviet citizens demanded more economic
and political freedom.
c. Soviet powers were centralized under a
totalitarian dictator.
d. The Soviet Union increased its influence in the
nations of Eastern Europe.
Twentieth-Century International Developments
• Berlin Blockade (1948)
• Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
• Brezhnev Doctrine (1968)
How did the developments above affect
international politics?
a. They inspired the creation of the United Nations.
b. The intensified the Cold War conflicts and tensions.
c. They started cooperation between the United States
and the former Soviet Union.
d. They represented a global preference for democratic
values, institutions, and governments.
Which shared purpose explains the operations of
the groups in the regions below?
• Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Israel
• Chechens in Russia
• Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the United Kingdom
a.
b.
c.
d.
To create vast land empires across Eurasia
To destroy capitalist and democratic systems
To create independent nations under their authority
To control petroleum exports to Western nations
Terrorism [takes] us back to ages we thought were long gone in we allow
it a free hand to corrupt democratic societies and destroy the basic
rules of international life
- Jacques Chirac
But for all these problems [a terrorist’s] only solution is the demolition
of the whole structure of society. No partial solution, not even the
total redressing of the grievance he complains of, will satisfy him –
until our social system is destroyed or delivered into his hands.
- Benjamin Netanyahu
According to the quotes, how have terrorist groups and
their movements impact society in various countries?
a.
Terrorists create panic by breaking basic rules of society and
attempting to destroy the social systems of target countries.
b. Terrorists create tensions by bringing adversaries together to resolve
differences in democratic processes.
c. Terrorist groups have influenced many governments to join their
efforts and create their own terrorist networks.
d. Terrorist groups have caused governments to eliminate corruption
and to apply laws equally within societies.
1. How did agricultural improvements transform daily life
during the Neolithic Revolution and early history? Give
two examples.
2. European nations such as Portugal, Spain, France, and
England led explorations to new lands in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries. These voyages extended
from the coast of Africa to the Americas and beyond.
Explain how the voyages of exploration affected global
interactions and patterns of trade. Give two examples:
one for impact on global interactions and another for
new patterns of trade.
3. How did the 1973 Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil crisis affect
international affairs? Give three examples.