Transcript Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and
Function
Essential Knowledge
• 2B3 – Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the
cell into specialized regions.
• 4A2 – The structure and function of subcellular components, and
their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
• 4B1 – Interactions between molecules affect their structure and
function.
• 4B2 – Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency
in the use of energy and matter.
Cell Theory
1.
2.
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Every living organism consists of one or more cells.
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms.
All living cells arise by division of preexisting cells.
Cells contain heredity material, which they pass to their offspring
during division.
Types of cells
Eukaryote
animal cells
Prokaryote
bacteria cells
Eukaryote
plant cells
Differences?
• Identify at least 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Cell Size
• We already decided that a smaller cell is more efficient.
• Why are eukaryotic cells successful despite their significantly larger
size?
Why organelles?
• What is an evolutionary advantage to having organelles?
What do cells do?
•It depends on the cell, but some important
functions are:
•They make proteins!!
•They convert energy
•They divide
Structure and Function?
• We often learn the functions of all the organelles.
• How are they related?
The parts of the cell must work together
• Making proteins: Nucleus, ER, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, vesicles,
cytoskeleton
• Converting energy: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, mitochondria,
chloroplasts
• Dividing: Nucleus, centrioles
Cells gotta work to live!
• What jobs do cells have to do?
• make proteins
• proteins control every
cell function
• make energy
• for daily life
• for growth
• make more cells
• growth
• repair
• renewal
Who makes the proteins?
The Protein Assembly Line
nucleus
ribosome
ER
Golgi
apparatus
vesicles
Nucleus
DNA
chromosome
histone protein
•Function?
• Structure?
nuclear
pores
nuclear
pore
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
1
nuclear
membrane
production of mRNA
from DNA in nucleus
DNA
Nucleus
mRNA
2
nuclear pore
mRNA travels from
nucleus to ribosome in
cytoplasm through
nuclear pore
small
ribosomal
subunit
mRNA
large
ribosomal
subunit
cytoplasm
Nucleolus
• Function
• ribosome production
• build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins
• exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm &
combine to form functional ribosomes
large subunit
small
subunit
rRNA &
proteins
ribosome
nucleolus
Ribosomes
large
subunit
small
subunit
0.08mm
Ribosomes
Rough
ER
Smooth
ER
Structure function?
Types of Ribosomes
• Free ribosomes
• Bound ribosomes
membrane proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• How is the structure of the ER related to its function?
Types of ER
rough
smooth
Smooth ER function
• Membrane production
• Many metabolic processes
• synthesis
• synthesize lipids
• oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones
• hydrolysis
• hydrolyze glycogen into glucose
• in liver
• detoxify drugs & poisons
• in liver
• ex. alcohol & barbiturates
Synthesizing proteins
cisternal
space
polypeptide
signal
sequence
ribosome
ribosome
mRNA
membrane of
endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
• Structure and function?
secretory
vesicles
transport vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicle transport
protein
vesicle
budding
from rough
ER
ribosome
migrating
transport
vesicle
fusion
of vesicle
with Golgi
apparatus
endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
TO:
TO:
TO:
vesicle
ribosomes
TO:
finished
protein
protein
Making Proteins
Golgi
apparatus
Making proteins
Putting it together…
nucleus
nuclear pore
cell
membrane
protein secreted
rough ER
ribosome
vesicle
proteins
smooth ER
transport
vesicle
cytoplasm
Golgi
apparatus
Cell Membrane
• Structure
• Fluid Mosaic Model
• How does this contribute to its function?
Modeling
• Diagram the cell membrane. Label the following parts: lipid bilayer,
integral proteins, peripheral proteins, cholesterol, cytoskeleton,
extracellular matrix, glycoproteins, glycolipids. Explain the function
of each part of the cell membrane in contributing to the functioning
of the cell.
Vacuole
Lysosome
Lysosomes maintain a pH
of 5.0 and contain 40
different enzymes.
Structure/Function?
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
How does the structure of the cytoskeleton
contribute to its function?
Cytoplasm
Centrioles
Cilia & Flagella
Not all cells are built the same way…
• The structure of a cell dictates the function!
Why?!?!?
• Muscle cells are packed with mitochondria and protein fibers (actin &
myosin)
• Fat cells contain globular structures filled with fatty acids
• Leaf cells are packed with chloroplasts
• Potato cells are packed with large vacuoles