Transcript Unit 10 Part Ix

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Italy
 1922—Fascists seize power
 Benito Mussolini
 Black Shirts march on Rome
 Fascism—attracts disgruntled veterans, anti-
communists, and nationalists
 “Glorify nation through aggressive show of force”
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Germany
 Nazi’s first arose in 1920s in reactions to economic
conditions (National Economic Worker’s Party)
 Used German resentment of Treaty of Versailles to help
gain support
 Adolf Hitler
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Comes to full power in 1933 (Fuehrer)
Wrote Mein Kampf
“Lebensraum”—living space
Personal Army: Brown Shirts
 Resentment of Jews—Krystallnacht, Jewish pogroms
(1930-1945)
 Holocaust: mass genocide of minorities (mainly Jews)
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Japan
 Nationalists and Militarists in 1920s/30s
 Invaded China and Southeast Asia in search of raw
materials
▪ Oil, tin, iron
 Established puppet government
 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
 Emperor Hirohito/General Tojo
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Ethiopia, 1935
 Italians take over Ethiopia after 1 year of fighting
 League of Nations did nothing
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Rhineland, 1936
 Hitler placed troops in the Rhineland
 France did not react/did nothing
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China, 1937
 China and Japan fighting
 Panay (U.S. ship) sunk by Japanese in Chinese
waters
 no military response
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Sudetenland, 1938
 Munich Agreement gave land to Hitler
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Stimson Doctrine
 Refusal to recognize any regime who took power
by force
 Manchuria—Japan
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Isolationism
 Republican idea
 Wanted to remain out of international
commitments
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Nye Committee
 Determine that US involvement in WWI was an
economic decision
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Cordell Hull Act
 Gave power to President to lower tariffs by 50%
for countries who did the same for the US—effort
to increase international trade
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Soviet Union Recognized
 Recognize Soviets in order to begin trading to
help boost the economy
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Good-Neighbor Policy
 Different from Monroe Doctrine
 Roosevelt wanted to protect region (as a whole) from
totalitarian influence
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Pan-American Conferences (1933, 1936)
 Pledged to not interfere in Latin America
 Very different from policies under Teddy Roosevelt
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1934, Roosevelt persuaded Congress to nullify
the Platt Amendment (only retain Guantanamo
Bay)
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Loyalists (Republicanism) vs. Fascists
Francisco Franco—leader of Fascists
Fascists win with help from Germany and
Italy
America sympathizes but
couldn’t help the Loyalists
because…
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1935—prohibit all arms shipments and forbid certain travel
on ships of belligerent nations
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1936—forbade the extension of loans to belligerent nations
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1937—forbade shipment of arms to fascist Spanish
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Failed call for quarantine
 Roosevelt called to quarantine aggressor when
Japan invaded China
 Bad public reaction
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Increase in national security by raising
military and naval budgets by 2/3 (made
many isolationists mad)
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Axis Powers
 Rome, Berlin, Tokyo (Sept. 1940)
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Allies
 French, British, Soviet Union, United States (1941)
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Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact
(Poland—August 1939)
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Hitler invades Poland
 September 1939
 Blitzkrieg—lightening war
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Denmark and Norway surrender in a few days
France surrenders in a week—Hitler in Paris
By June 1940, Great Britain was the only European
democracy left
 Battle of Britain
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“Cash and Carry”—help Great Britain buy US
arms and use own ships to transport
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Selective Service Act (1940)—men, 21-35
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Destroyers for bases deal (1940)—US gives
destroyers to Great Britain for base building
rights in Caribbean
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Four Freedoms (January 6, 1941)—committed to
freedom of speech, religion, from want, from
fear
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Lend-Lease Act (March 1941)—ending “cash and
carry”—”loan on credit”
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Atlantic Charter—for after war (selfdetermination, non land expansion, free trade)
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Shoot-on-Sight (September 4, 1941)—
undeclared naval war on Germany
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December 7, 1941
 Japanese surprise attack
 2,400 Americans killed
 USS Arizona
 “a date that will live in infamy”
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December 8, 1941
 Congressional Declaration
 All voted “yes” but one says no
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Great Britain
 Winston Churchill
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Soviet Union (USSR)
 Joseph Stalin
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United States
 Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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North Africa and Sicily- “Operation Torch”
 Dwight “Ike” Eisenhower vs. Rommel
 Victory in Africa, May 19, 1943
 Sicily occupied, Summer 1943
 Northern Italy held by Germans until May
1945, Mussolini out of power in 1943
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Normandy and Battle of the Bulge
 D-Day Invasion, June 6, 1944: “Operation Overlord”
 Allied attack at French beaches
▪ United States, Great Britain, Canada, led by Eisenhower
▪ August—Paris Liberated
▪ By September—near Berlin
 Battle of the Bulge: German counter attack (Belgium,
December 1944), slight setback for Allies but soon to
recover
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Leningrad and Stalingrad—long Russian
battles, fighting since June 1941, Germans
attacked Stalingrad in August 1942
▪ Tough urban warfare, less difficult for Soviets and tough for
Germans
▪ Bombers and tanks proved ineffective in towns for risks of killing
own soldiers
▪ Soviets lost 1.1 million soldiers in defending Stalingrad
V-E Day—Victory in Europe Day (May 8, 1945)
Roosevelt did not live to see victory (died April
12, 1945 of a stroke), Truman takes over.
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Largely United States forces that are fighting Japan
Dominated by naval forces
May 7-8, 1942: Battle of Coral Sea
▪ U.S. stopped Japanese Invasion of Australia
June 4-7, 1942: Battle of Midway
▪ Decoding Japanese messages allowed U.S. Naval
forces victory
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Admiral Chester Nimitz and “Island Hopping”
▪ By pass strongholds of Japanese and surround them
with power
▪ Allowed forces to rapidly move toward Japan
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General Douglas MacArthur
▪ “I shall return” to the Philippines led U.S. Army forces
in the South Pacific
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Battle of Leyte Gulf—October 1944
 Japanese Navy virtually destroyed
 First time Japanese used kamikaze pilots
 US forces—50,000 killed, Japanese forces—100,000 killed
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Iwo Jima
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Needed for bomber placement, heavily defended Japanese fort
6,000 U.S. Marines died
Japanese start with 20, 700 Marines, only 200 lived
Mt. Suribachi
Battle of Okinawa—April 1945- June 21, 1945
 US forces—7,600 killed, Japanese forces—110,000 killed
This was just a taste of how hard it would be to
take Japan’s main islands. Churchill predicted the
loss of 1,000,000 American lives and 500,000
British lives…Truman thought maybe
not…atomic bomb dropped—Japan and Hirohito
surrender September 2, 1945. WAR IS OVER.
War Production Board (1942)
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Manage war industries
Office of War Mobilization
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Controlled raw materials
Set production priorities
Office of Price Administration
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Regulated civilian lives by freezing prices, wages, rents
Rationing (meat, sugar, gasoline, tires)
Office of War Information
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Controlled new about troop movement and battles
Cheerful, patriotic view of war
War time propaganda
By 1944, unemployment virtually gone.
African Americans
 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
 Work for equality for African Americans
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Race Riots
 1943—NYC, Detroit
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“Double V”
 Victory over fascism abroad and for equality at home
Women
 “Rosie the Riveter”
 200,000 women in military (in non-combat
roles)
 5 million in the workforce
 Pay less than what men would receive
“Rosie the Riveter” song
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CQ0M0wx00s
Mexican-Americans
 Braceros movement
 Enter the work force in America during harvest
season without going through formal immigration
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Zoot Suit Riots
 Because of increase in Mexican-American
population, tensions rise.
 Riots in Los Angeles
Native Americans
 25,000 in military service
 Many who left the reservation never went
back
 Navajo code talkers
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Increase in Income Tax
 Help finance the war, by now most Americans
were being taxed on their income
 1944—began using automatic deduction from pay
checks
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Selling War Bonds
 $135 billion collected
Create your own WWII propaganda poster. You
may work with a partner. You can focus on a
variety of things:
 Getting people into the workforce
 Rationing goods
 War bonds
 Etc…
Be prepared to share with the class!
1943 Educational Documentary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAW_zw
X9m80
Think about who made this documentary
and the purpose behind its making
Casablanca—January 1943
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Churchill and Roosevelt agree to invade Sicily and demand
“unconditional surrender”
Teheran—November 1943
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Big Three present
Agree upon drive to liberate France (Spring 1944)
Soviets will join the fight against Japan
Yalta—February 1945
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Germany would be divided into occupation zones
Free elections in Eastern Europe
United Nations to be formed in San Francisco
Soviets join against Japan
Soviets have special concessions in Manchuria
Potsdam—July-August 1945
Stalin only member of Big Three left
 US—Truman; GB—Atlee
 Agreed to issue a warning of unconditional surrender to Japanese
and charge Nazi’s with official war crimes
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1.
2.
3.
4.
How did the United States fund WWII?
How did WWII affect jobs and employment
in the United States
Describe the roles/importance of two
minority groups on the US home front.
What questions do you have from today’
lesson?
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Secret project to develop a nuclear bomb
that could kill thousands at a time
General Leslie Groves—led operation
J. Robert Oppenheimer—scientist in charge of
experimental aspects
Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico
 Test of the new bomb, July 16, 1945
 Japan given the chance to surrender, but refused
August 6, 1945
 Enola Gay, B-29 bomber
 Little Boy dropped over Hiroshima
August 9, 1945
 Fat Man dropped over Nagasaki
By the end, over 200,000 Japanese had died
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USS Missouri, Tokyo Harbor
MacArthur oversees the ceremony
Flag from the capital building
that was flying on
December 7, 1941
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Hitler found many Germans were willing to
view the Jews as scapegoats
1935, Nuremburg Laws
 Stripped Jews in Germany of citizenship rights
and took jobs and private shops
 Jews were forced by officials to wear a bright
yellow Star of David
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Krystallnacht—November 9-10, 1938
 “Night of Broken Glass”
 Nazi storm troopers (SS) attacked Jewish homes,
businesses, and synagogues
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Limits to Jewish immigration in other
countries
Genocide: the deliberate and systematic killing of an
entire population
 Who was condemned by the Nazi’s??
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 Jews, Gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses
Ghettos: segregated Jewish populations in certain Polish
cities, barbed wire fencing
 Concentration camps: SS controlled, hunger, humiliation,
work, mass killing, family separation
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Mass Extermination
 1941, Chelmno, first death camp (6 total in Poland)
 Each camp was capable of killing 12,000 people per day
 Auschwitz—largest and most infamous death camp
 Gas chamber most commonly used tactic
 Nazi doctor experimentations
 Huge burial grounds to cover up actions
6 million Jews died during the Holocaust
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Early 1942, as a reaction to Pearl Harbor,
Executive Order 9066 passed
 Limited civil rights of Japanese in America
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110,000 Japanese placed in camps in West
(CA, ID, AK, AZ, CO, UT, WY)
 2/3 were Nisei—American born
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1944, Korematsu vs. US
 Declared internment a “military necessity”
After war, Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)
formed: compensation for lost property and damages
 1965—awarded $38 million
 1988--$20,000 sent to every living Japanese that lived
in camps
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Most decorated combat team in WWII was
442nd Regimental combat team—
ALL JAPANESE-AMERICAN SOLDIERS