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D.C. Anatomy
Lecture 3
The Cell
Southern Boone County High School
Bill Palmer
The Basics
Human has 75 Trillion Cells
At least 200 types of cells
Cells form the basis of
organization for the human
body
atom (hydrogen)
molecule (water)
organelle (mitochondrion)
cell (muscle)
tissue (muscle)
organ (heart)
organism (human)
population
community
..
(Yanomamo tribe) (Amazon rain forest) biosphere
The Basics of Cells
All cells have these common
characteristics:
Respire and grow
Eliminate waste
Maintain a shape
Undergo cell division
Perform a specific function
The Basics of Cells
The study of cells is called
Cytology
The Basics of Cells
Functions
Covering-Epithelial Cells
Lining-Epithelial Cells
Storage-Fat Cells
Movement-Muscle Cells
Connection-Ligaments
The Basics of Cells
Functions
Defense-White Blood Cells
Communication-Nerve Cells
Reproduction-sperm and
oocytes
100 m
10 m
1m
10 cm
blue whale
human
chicken egg
1 cm
1 mm
100 µm
10 µm
1 µm
100 nm
10 nm
frog egg
plant and animal cells
cell nucleus
most bacteria
mitochondria
smallest bacteria
largest virus
proteins
1 nm
lipids
0.1 nm
atoms
Main Regions
nucleus
cytosol
cytoskeleton
other organelles
Cell membrane
Eukaryotic cell
SECURITY GATE
(cell membrane)
The Nucleus
(Control center)
Contains most of the
genes that control the
eukaryotic cell (DNA)
Generally the most
conspicuous organelle
Ribosomes
(work benches)
Site where cells make
proteins
2 types (different kinds
perform different tasks)
• Free Ribosomes (within cytosol)
• Bound Ribosomes (Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Ribosomes
and the Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(assembly line)
Interconnected membranes
that form channels and
canals within the cytoplasm
Move substances from one
part of the cell to another
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(assembly line)
2 types
Interconnected membranes
that form channels and
canals within the cytoplasm
Smooth ER (site of lipid synthesis and
detoxification)
Rough ER
DNA
cytoskeleton
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
free
ribosomes
nucleolus
cytosol
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
plasma membrane
mitochondria
lysosomes
Golgi complex
Golgi Complex
(Distribution Center)
modifies, sorts, and
ships proteins
Perixosomes
Specific enzymes that break
down harmful substances
Convert H2O2 to H2O
from RER
cisternae
cisternal
spaces
Golgi
complex
vesicle
to plasma
membrane
to cytosol
for export
out of cell
P
1. Side chains are edited.
P
2. Vesicles formed for protein transport.
Cell membrane
(security gate)
Fluid (moving) mosaic
(made of multiple
proteins) model
Cell membrane
(security gate)
Major Functions
Keeps stuff in
Keeps stuff out
Transport
Communication
Lysosomes
(Cleaning Crew)
Digestive compartments
used to hydrolyze
proteins, polysaccharides,
fats and nucleic acids.
Mitochondria
(Powerhouse)
Use Oxygen to convert
food energy (from sugars,
fats, and other fuels) to
ATP (used for our body’s
energy needs)
The Cytoskeleton
( Internal Scaffolding)
Protein fibers
•give cells shape
•anchor organelles
•allow movement
Functions of Microtubules
Movement
•Cilia
•Flagella
Clinical View
From time to time, we will discuss some of
the diseases and conditions and how they
are related to anatomy.
Some of these can be disturbing.
Clinical View-Tay-Sachs
Tay-Sachs Disease
Caused by missing genes in Lysosome
Lipid (fat) accumulates within cell
Infants appear normal
Paralysis, blindness, deafness, appear by 2
Death by 4
No cure
Clinical View-Tay-Sachs
Clinical View-ALD
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
Caused by missing membrane in
peroxisome
Peroxisome cannot break down long chain
fatty acid
Affects nerve cells so they can not transmit
impulses
Clinical View-ALD
Several forms-affects boys 4-10
First signs=lethargy, weakness, dizziness, low
blood sugar, dark skin
Later signs=slow heart rate, paralysis, blindness,
loss of reflex, paralysis, death
No cure, but no fat diet can help.
Movie- Lorenzo’s Oil based on this disease
Lorenzo’s Oil is oleic acid/rapeseed reduces long
fatty acid molecules
Clinical View-ALD
Clinical View-MELAS
Mitochondrial myopathy (weak muscles)
Encephalopathy (brain disorder)
Lactic Acidosis (lactic acid in muscles)
Stroke-(impaired circulation in brain)
Genetic problem in mitochondria
Mitochondria cannot help make protein
First presents with a stroke (4-15 yrs old)
No cure, drugs only slightly effective
Clinical View-MELAS
Clinical View-Terms
Anaplasia -loss of cell function
Carcinogen -substance that causes cancer
Dysplasia -cells and tissue that are not
normal
Hyperplasia -excessive cells
Hypertrophy -increase in size of an organ
Clinical View-Terms
Malignant tumor -abnormal cell growth
that invades surrounding tissue
Metaplasia -transformation of one cell
type into another
Metastasis -movement of malignant cells
into another part of the body
Mutagen -something that causes a change
in genes-may cause cancer
Clinical View-Terms
This scar is
abnormally large.
What are some terms
that might be used to
describe the scar?
Clinical View-Terms
This scar is
abnormally large.
What are some terms
that might be used to
describe the scar?
Dysplasia
Hyperplasia
Clinical View-Terms
These photos are from
a 28 year old Nepalese
man.
What terms might be
used to describe the
condition?
Clinical View-Terms
These photos are from
a 28 year old Nepalese
man.
What terms might be
used to describe the
condition?
Hypertrophy
Clinical View-Terms
These lesions show
abnormal cell growth
that has invaded
surrounding tissue.
What terms might be
used to describe the
condition?
Clinical View-Terms
These lesions show
abnormal cell growth
that has invaded
surrounding tissue.
What terms might be
used to describe the
condition?
Malignant tumor
Metaplasia
Metastasis
Clinical View-Terms
What terms might be
used to describe the
cigarette? What if it
affected your genes?
Clinical View-Terms
What terms might be
used to describe the
cigarette? What if it
affected your genes?
Carcinogen
Mutagen
Wrap up
1. Draw a eukaryotic animal cell similar to
page 77 and label all parts. Cell should be
in color, on white paper, and 3-D.
2. Know three diseases that are caused by
organelles not functioning properly. (p88)
3. Make a chart showing the organelles and
their function