Transcript 1.3 Nutrition

NUTRITION
1
Lipoproteins
The bloodstream is water-based, so cholesterol and
other lipids need to be transported by a protein carrier
which has a region that is lipophilic.
These protein carriers are called lipoproteins.
There are four major groups of lipoproteins, which in
order of size, largest to smallest, are
– Chylomicrons
– VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)
– LDL (low density lipoproteins)
– HDL (high density lipoproteins)
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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
LDL particles are formed when lipoprotein lipase
breaks a triglyceride molecule off VLDL
lipoproteins, which converts them into LDL,
which is smaller and denser (fewer fat molecules
with the same protein transport shell).
Studies have shown that higher levels of LDL
particles promote health problems and
cardiovascular disease, so LDL are often
informally called the bad cholesterol (L stands
for lousy!).
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Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a waxy steroid of fat that is
produced in the liver or intestines.
It is used to produce hormones and cell
membranes.
It is an essential structural component of cell
membranes and is required to establish proper
membrane permeability and fluidity.
In addition, cholesterol is an important
component for the manufacture of bile, steroid
hormones, and vitamin D.
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Cholesterol
Cholesterol is recycled. It is excreted by the liver via the bile into the
digestive tract, and about 50% of it is reabsorbed back into the
bloodstream.
In the liver, cholesterol is converted to bile, which is then stored in
the gallbladder.
Bile contains bile salts, which emulsify fats in the digestive tract to
aid in the intestinal absorption of fat molecules as well as the fatsoluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K.
Cholesterol is an important precursor molecule for the synthesis of
vitamin D and the steroid hormones, including the adrenal gland
hormones cortisol and aldosterone, as well as the sex hormones
progesterone, estrogens, and testosterone, and their derivatives.
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Cholesterol
When a cell requires cholesterol, it synthesizes
the necessary LDL receptors, and inserts them
into the plasma membrane.
LDL particles which are carrying cholesterol in
the blood stream bind to these extracellular LDL
receptors and the cholesterol is brought into the
cell and either used or stored.
The LDL receptors are then removed from the
plasma membrane.
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LDL
LDL particles can also transport cholesterol into the
artery wall.
When the cholesterol in the arterial wall becomes
oxidized by a free radical (loses a H+ ion), it hardens and
forms a plaque (atherosclerosis).
Over time, a plaque can break off and travel in the
bloodstream as a fat embolism, lodge in a smaller blood
vessel, and block blood flow distal to that point.
If this occurs in the brain, it causes a stroke. If it occurs
in the coronary arteries, it causes a heart attack.
Therefore, a high LDL level is a predictor of
cardiovascular problems.
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Medicines to lower LDL
Statins reduce high levels of LDL particles by
inhibiting cholesterol synthesis. To compensate
for the decreased cholesterol availability,
synthesis of hepatic LDL receptors is increased,
resulting in an increased clearance of LDL
particles from the blood.
Ezetimibe reduces intestinal absorption of
cholesterol, thus can powerfully reduce LDL
particle concentrations when combined with
statins.
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Dietary control of LDL
The most effective approach has been
minimizing fat stores in the greater omentum in
addition to minimizing total body fat.
Fat stored in the greater omentum is mobilized
before subcutaneous fat.
Greater omentum fat also produces an enzyme
called resistin, which increases insulin
resistance (causing Diabetes Mellitus) and
lowers circulating VLDL concentrations (which
increases LDL levels).
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Dietary control of LDL
That is why it is better to have fat in your
subcutaneous areas (junk in the trunk) than a fat
belly.
Having a large waistline measurement is an
indicator of how high your LDL and triglyceride
levels are, and therefore, is an indicator of
cardiovascular health.
Lowering blood triglyceride levels also reduces
LDL.
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Antioxidants and LDL
Because LDL particles appear harmless
until they are within the blood vessel walls
and oxidized by free radicals, it is
postulated that ingesting antioxidants and
minimizing free radical exposure may
reduce LDL's contribution to
atherosclerosis, though results are not
conclusive.
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Antioxidants
An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the
oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical
reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a
substance to an oxidizing agent.
Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn,
these radicals can start chain reactions. When the chain
reaction occurs in a cell, it can cause damage or death
to the cell.
Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by
removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other
oxidation reactions. They do this by being reduced
themselves, so antioxidants are often reducing agents
such as ascorbic acid.
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Antioxidants
Although oxidation reactions are crucial for life, they can
also be damaging; plants and animals maintain complex
systems of multiple types of antioxidants, such as
glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as enzymes
such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and various
peroxidases. Low levels of antioxidants cause oxidative
stress and may damage or kill cells.
As oxidative stress appears to be an important part of
many human diseases, the use of antioxidants in
pharmacology is intensively studied, particularly as
treatments for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.
Moreover, oxidative stress is both the cause and the
consequence of disease.
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High-density lipoprotein
(HDL)
HDL particles are able to remove cholesterol
from within arterial plaques and transport it back
to the liver for excretion or re-utilization, which is
the main reason why the cholesterol carried
within HDL particles is called "good cholesterol"
(H stands for healthy!).
While high HDL levels might correlate with better
cardiovascular health, increasing one's HDL
does not increase cardiovascular health beyond
normal limits.
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HDL
HDL transports cholesterol mostly to the liver or organs that
use cholesterol such as adrenal glands, ovaries, and
testes.
The cholesterol delivered to the liver is combined with
broken down hemoglobin and converted into the bile, which
is then used to break down intestinal fats into small enough
particles for digestive enzymes to work.
The cholesterol delivered to adrenal glands, ovaries, and
testes is used for the synthesis of steroid hormones.
Another function of HDL is to inhibit oxidation,
inflammation, and coagulation by platelets. These
properties contribute to the ability of HDL to protect from
atherosclerosis.
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Medicines to increase HDL
Niacin (vitamin B3) and magnesium
increases HDL.
Apo-A1 Milano, the most effective proven
HDL agent, is in commercial production by
a Canadian company, Sembiosys, may
still be several years away from clinical
availability.
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Triglycerides (TG)
A triglyceride is made of glycerol and three
fatty acids.
There are many triglycerides, depending
on the oil source, some are highly
unsaturated, some less so.
They are the main constituents of
vegetable oil (typically unsaturated) and
animal fats (typically saturated).
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Triglycerides (TG)
Triglycerides are a mechanism for storing
unused calories, and their high
concentrations in blood correlates with the
consumption of starchy and fatty foods.
Triglycerides are too large to be absorbed
by the small intestine, so the pancreatic
enzyme lipase acts releases the fatty
acids so they can be absorbed (lipolysis).
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Triglycerides (TG)
Triglycerides are broken down to fatty
acids to be used as an energy source
when glucose is not available.
They contain more than twice as much
energy as carbohydrates and proteins.
They are also a component of VLDL and
chylomicrons, so they are also important
transporters of dietary fat.
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Triglycerides (TG)
When fatty acids from triglycerides are absorbed
in the intestine, they enter the cells that make up
the intestinal lining, where they are rebuilt and
packaged with cholesterol and proteins to form
chylomicrons.
These are excreted from the intestinal cells and
collected by the lymph system (lacteals in the
intestinal villi), which transport them to the
thoracic lymph duct, and are dumped into the
subclavian vein to be mixed into the blood.
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Triglycerides (TG)
Various tissues can capture the chylomicrons, releasing
the triglycerides to be used as a source of energy.
Fat and liver cells can synthesize and store triglycerides.
When glucose levels are low, the body requires fatty
acids as an energy source.
The hormone glucagon signals lipase to break down the
triglycerides to release free fatty acids.
When glucose levels are low, the brain cannot utilize
fatty acids as an energy source, but the glycerol
component of triglycerides can be converted into glucose
by way of gluconeogenesis. It can also be converted into
glucose by glycolysis.
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Triglycerides (TG)
Although there is no known mechanism by which
triglycerides cause heart disease, there is a
strong relationship between triglyceride level
and LDL-cholesterol level, which does cause
heart disease.
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Triglycerides (TG)
Diets that have carbohydrates accounting for more than
60% of the total energy intake can increase triglyceride
levels.
This correlation is stronger for those with a Body Mass
Index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2.
The correlation is also stronger in those with insulin
resistance (more common among overweight and
obese).
When a high carbohydrate diet causes high levels of
triglycerides in the blood, the condition is called
carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia.
This also causes a high glycemic index, which causes
overproduction of insulin.
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Glycemic index (GI)
The glycemic index is a measure of the effects
of carbohydrates on blood sugar levels.
Carbohydrates that break down quickly during
digestion and release glucose rapidly into the
bloodstream have a high GI (example is simple
sugar); carbohydrates that break down more
slowly, releasing glucose more gradually into the
bloodstream, have a low GI (example is starch).
Foods with a lower GI are better for diabetics
since they have slower rates of digestion and
absorption and cause a lower insulin demand.
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Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body mass index estimates body fat based
on an individual's weight and height.
BMI does not actually measure the
percentage of body fat.
To get an exact measurement of body fat,
you have to be weighed under water.
Body mass index is defined as the
individual's body weight divided by the
square of his or her height, recorded as
kg/m2.
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BMI
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BMI
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Triglycerides (TG)
Triglyceride levels are also reduced by
exercise and omega-3 fatty acids from
fish, flax seed oil, and other sources.
Recommendation in the U.S. is that one
ingest up to 3 grams a day of such oils.
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Omega 3 Fatty Acids
Omega 3 Fatty Acids: Essential Fatty Acids
Essential means they are not made by the
body and need to be in our foods.
Omega 3 Fatty Acids are essential to
normal growth in young children.
There are other benefits: rheumatoid
arthritis, cardiovascular disease, cancer.
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Omega 3 Fatty Acids
Fish Oil is being publicized as being a
good source of Omega 3 Fatty Acids.
Unfortunately, fish oils contain high levels
of vitamin A and E.
Excess vitamins A and E are very toxic
and stored in the liver.
Try to get Omega 3 Fatty Acids without the
concentrated fish oil products being
advertised.
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Natural Sources of
Omega 3 Fatty Acids
Fish: salmon, herring, mackerel,
anchovies and sardines
Flax (linseed) and its oil (15 g) is six times
richer than most fish oils.
Eggs produced by chickens fed a diet of
greens and insects
Grass-fed beef
Grain-fed chicken
Milk and cheese from grass-fed cows
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Botanical sources of
Omega 3 Fatty Acids
sage
Kiwifruit
Chinese gooseberry
Raspberry
Butternuts
Walnuts
Pecan nuts
Hazel nuts
Flax Seeds
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Iron, omega-3s tied to different effects on
kids' brains
http://www.foxnews.com/health/2012/11/08/iron-omega-3s-tied-to-different-effects-on-kids-brains/
Study finds 33 percent of nation's seafood
mislabeled, http://fxn.ws/YLU6Pm
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OLD FOOD
PYRAMID
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NEW FOOD
PYRAMID
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New Food Pyramid
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Impressionist
Food Pyramid
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Carbohydrates
The quickest, most readily available source
of energy for the body is glucose.
Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose.
Between eating periods, the blood glucose level
should be maintained properly.
If there is not enough glucose available, amino
acids can be broken down to glucose. The best
place to find amino acids are in proteins. The
best place to find proteins is muscle, including
heart muscle. Most body cells can use other
things for energy, but the brain can only use
glucose. Therefore, the body needs
carbohydrates in the diet, or it will start
breaking down muscle, including cardiac
muscle.
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Carbohydrates
Simple carbohydrates (e.g., sugars) are
“empty calories” because they contribute to
energy needs and weight gain without supplying
any other nutritional requirements.
Examples of simple carbohydrates are fatfree ice cream, cakes, and cookies. Plain
white sugar from a box (called refined sugar)
has no vitamins or minerals.
Dietary carbohydrates should be complex
and not simple carbohydrates. Complex
sources of carbohydrates include whole
grain pasta, rice, bread, and cereal. Less
desirable complex carbohydrates (to be avoided
by overweight people) are potatoes and corn,
since they have a lot of carbohydrates in them. 41
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Proteins
Foods rich in protein include red meat,
fish, poultry, dairy products, legumes
(i.e., peas and beans), nuts, and
cereals. When you eat protein it is broken
down into amino acids and turned into
tissues like muscles, skin, hair, and nails.
It’s also used to make proteins such as
hemoglobin, plasma proteins, enzymes,
and hormones.
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Proteins
Protein formation requires 23 different
types of amino acids.
Of these, nine amino acids are required
from the diet in adults because the
body is unable to produce them.
These are called the essential amino
acids.
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Proteins
Some protein sources, such as meat, provide all
23 types of amino acids. But a diet of only a few
types of vegetables and grains supply us with
only a few of the essential amino acids. If just
one amino acid is missing from the body, none
of the other 23 work right. It’s like trying to paint
a picture when you are missing one color.
Therefore, you should combine foods to acquire
all the essential amino acids. For example, the
combinations of cereal with milk give a good
balance of proteins. So does combining rice with
beans or peas.
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Proteins
Amino acids are not stored in the body, and
a daily supply is needed. However, it does not
take very much protein to meet the daily
requirement.
Two servings of meat a day (equal in total
quantity to a deck of cards) is usually enough.
Some meats (e.g., hamburger) are high in
protein but also high in fat. Everything
considered, it is probably a good idea to depend
on protein from plant origins (whole-grain
cereals, dark breads, and legumes) to a greater
extent than is often the custom in the United
States. Those who get most of their protein from
meat are getting about 42% fat.
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Proteins
Protein and/or amino acid supplements
are not good because they are not
digested as well.
They can also give you an excess of one
amino acid or another.
An excess of just one amino acid causes a
deficiency in absorption of the other amino
acids.
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3 things you need to know about eating
protein, http://fxn.ws/OFWbeQ
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Lipids
Fat and cholesterol are both lipids. Fat
is present not only in butter, margarine,
and oils, but also in animal meats (even
chicken and turkey has some fat).
Not only does it cause weight gain, but it
also increases the risk of cancer and
cardiovascular disease.
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Lipids
Saturated fats, whether in butter or margarine, can raise
LDL (bad) cholesterol levels, while polyunsaturated fats
lower LDL cholesterol levels.
Examples of good polyunsaturated fats are olive oil,
canola oil, corn oil, and safflower oil. Notice that these
are all liquid at room temperature and come from plants.
Pure, non-hydrogenated palm and coconut oil is also
good, but not partially hydrogenated (that is dangerous
“trans” fat). If you overheat (deep fry) a good oil, it will
become hydrogenated (cloudy), so you turn it into a bad
oil.
Saturated (bad) fats, are solids at room temperature,
usually have an animal origin.
Red meats, although high in protein, also have a lot
of saturated fats; that’s why chicken, turkey, and fish
are better sources of protein.
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Weight Loss
A woman who is about 5 feet 4 inches tall, and exercises
lightly, requires about 2,100 Calories per day.
For a man 5 feet 10 inches tall, who exercises lightly, the
requirements are about 2,900 Calories a day.
Those who wish to lose weight need to reduce their
calories and/or increase their exercising.
One pound of fat requires about 3,500 calories to be
burned off.
Therefore, how many days will it take to lose one pound
of fat if you eat 500 calories less per day? 7 days. If you
lose more than that, it’s probably just water loss.
Every 30 mins of aerobic exercise burns off 500 calories.
Every 3.5 hours, you can burn off one pound of fat.
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Exercise treats depression
better than medicine
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Weight Loss
Low-Carbohydrate Diets
The dramatic weight loss that occurs with a lowcarbohydrate diet is not due to a loss of fat; it is due to a
loss of muscle mass and water. When a normal diet is
resumed, so is the normal weight.
Liquid Diets
Muscle is still broken down to provide energy. A few
people on this regime have died, probably because even
the heart muscle was not spared by the body.
Single-Category Diets
These diets rely on the intake of only one kind of food,
either a fruit or vegetable or rice alone. However, no
single type of food provides the balance of nutrients
needed to maintain health. Some dieters on strange
diets suffer the consequences—in one instance an
individual lost hair and fingernails.
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Vitamins
Vitamins are needed for metabolism because
they make a lot of the body’s enzymes.
An enzyme is what breaks a complex molecule
down into a smaller one.
To break down a carbohydrate into a sugar
requires enzymes.
Vitamins can have other functions, too. For
example, vitamin A makes the visual pigment
that prevents night blindness.
Altogether there are 13 vitamins, which are
divided into those that are fat soluble and those
that are water soluble.
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Vitamins
There are four fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K. All
the other vitamins are water soluble.
The reason this is important is that excess fat-soluble
vitamins will be stored in the body’s fat cells and can
easily get to a toxic level.
Water soluble vitamins can be excreted in the kidney,
and as long as the person has been drinking a good
amount of water during the day, the excess water
soluble vitamins will just flush out.
However, if the person is not well hydrated (urine is
yellow, not colorless), those vitamins can cause
problems, too; the kidneys can burn out from the excess
acids.
The liver is also a place where excess vitamin A is
stored. As a matter of fact, if you eat one polar bear liver,
you will die of vitamin A poisoning!
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Vitamins
A pregnant woman has to be especially careful
about taking in too much of vitamins A, D, E, and
K because they will cross the placenta and
reach the baby’s body and intoxicate it.
Where on a fetus is fat? A fetus doesn’t have
any fat until it is in the last month or two of
pregnancy.
Until then, the only fat is on the myelin sheath
that surrounds the nerve cells.
If these vitamins lodge here, they will interfere
with nerve conduction in the brain. The corpus
callosum is the white area (myelinated) in the
brain. It allows the right and left sides of the
brain to communicate. Autism is a problem with
this structure.
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Vitamin A toxicity
Excessive vitamin A consumption can lead to
nausea, irritability, anorexia (reduced appetite),
vomiting, blurry vision, headaches, hair loss,
muscle and abdominal pain and weakness,
drowsiness, and altered mental status.
In chronic cases, hair loss, dry skin, drying of the
mucous membranes, fever, insomnia, fatigue,
weight loss, bone fractures, anemia, and
diarrhea can all be evident on top of the
symptoms associated with less serious toxicity.
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New USDA for Vitamins
Vit A : 3000 IU
Vit D: 400 IU
Vit E: 30 IU
Vit K: 100 IU
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Vit A : 3000 IU
Vit D: 400 IU
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Vit E: 30 IU
Vit K: 100 IU
Vit A : 3000 IU
Vit D: 400 IU
Vit E: 30 IU60
Vit K: 100 IU
Vit A : 3000 IU
Vit D: 400 IU
Vit E: 30 IU
Vit K: 100 IU
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Caplique Prenatal Vitamins
Vit A : 3000 IU
Vit D: 400 IU
Vit E: 30 IU
Vit K: 100 IU
You DO need
folic acid, B12,
iron and
calcium
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Vitamins
Vitamin C
Vitamin C is found especially in citrus fruits, such as
oranges, tangerines, lemons, etc.
Vitamin D
Skin cells contain a molecule that is converted to
vitamin D after UV exposure. Vitamin D promotes the
absorption of calcium by the intestines. The lack of
vitamin D leads to rickets in children. Rickets,
characterized by a bowing of the legs, is caused by
defective mineralization of the skeleton. Most milk today
is fortified with vitamin D, which helps prevent the
occurrence of rickets.
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Antioxidants
As a cell is functioning, it generates molecules
that have an extra electron, which is called a
free radical.
These free radicals want to run around and get
rid of their extra electron (this is called reducing
the recipient molecule), but none of the other
molecules want one, either.
The parts of a cell that usually get stuck with a
free radical include DNA, proteins, enzymes,
and cell membranes.
This leads to damage there, and can even lead
to cancer.
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Antioxidants
Substances that can deactivate this extra
electron are called antioxidants.
Vitamins C, E, and A are believed to defend
the body against free radicals, and therefore
they are termed antioxidants.
These vitamins are especially abundant in
fruits and vegetables.
We should eat at least five servings of fruits
and vegetables a day.
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Antioxidants
It is not wise to take vitamin
supplements instead of improving
intake of fruits and vegetables.
There are many beneficial
compounds in fruits that cannot be
obtained from a vitamin pill. The fiber
helps to prevent colon cancer.
In addition, excess vitamins can
cause damage, especially the ones
that are stored in fat, which are A, D,
E, and K.
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How Certain Vegetables
Combat Cancer
Breast cancer, the second leading cause of
cancer deaths in women, can be protected
against by eating cabbage and near relatives of
cabbage such as broccoli and cauliflower.
They contain compounds called isothiocyanates
which have cancer-preventive and anticarcinogenic activities.
Broccoli and broccoli sprouts have the highest
amount of the isothiocyanates.
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Minerals
In addition to vitamins, various minerals are required by
the body.
For example, calcium is needed for bones, teeth, nerve
conduction, and muscle contraction.
Phosphorus makes up nucleic acids and ATP, which is
the body’s main energy molecule.
Iodine is needed for thyroid hormone.
Sodium and chloride regulate the body’s water balance
and blood pressure.
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Minerals
Potassium and sodium are important in muscle
contraction and nerve conduction.
High-potassium foods: cantaloupe, avocados, potatoes,
beans, bananas, fish, raisins, apricots, dates, and cocoa
powder (think chocolate).
Magnesium, zinc, and copper are needed for enzymes to
work. Magnesium helps muscles relax (counters the
effects of calcium) and is critical in most enzymes in the
body. Foods with magnesium include seeds, brans
(wheat, rice, and oat), spinach, and cocoa. Any leafy
greens have a high amount of magnesium because the
center of the chlorophyll molecule is magnesium.
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Minerals
Iron is needed for hemoglobin, which
transports oxygen around the body in the
red blood cells.
Adult females need more iron in the diet
than males since they lose some
hemoglobin each month during
menstruation.
If males take vitamins with iron, they can
get constipated from too much iron.
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Minerals
Calcium
Many people take calcium supplements to counteract
osteoporosis, a degenerative bone disease that many
people get as they age.
Calcium supplements and vitamin D foods in
addition to exercise is the best way to avoid
osteoporosis because the stimulation from using the
bones will cause the body to absorb the calcium
supplement better.
The best source of calcium is from dairy products
and green leafy vegetables.
Calcium supplements have added vitamin D, so you
might want to take Tums for calcium instead of a
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supplement.
Calcium supplements are bad
because of the added vitamin D
Note the toxic level of vitamin D
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Best Calcium Product
You still need another 200
mg of calcium per day.
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Minerals
Sodium
You only need 500 mg a day of salt, but the
average American takes in 4,000 mg every day.
Excess salt can cause high blood pressure.
About one-third of the salt in out diet is from the
food; another one-third is added during
commercial processing; and we add the last
one-third either during home cooking or at the
table in the form of table salt.
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Glucosamine
Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent
precursor in the synthesis of certain proteins and lipids.
Glucosamine is part of the structure of chitin, which
compose the exoskeletons of crustaceans and other
arthropods, cell walls in fungi and many higher
organisms.
Glucosamine is one of the most abundant
monosaccharides. It is produced commercially by the
hydrolysis of crustacean exoskeletons or, less commonly
by fermentation of a grain such as corn or wheat. In the
US it is one of the most common non-vitamin, nonmineral, dietary supplements used by adults.
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Glucosamine
Oral glucosamine is a dietary supplement and is not a
pharmaceutical drug. It is illegal in the US to market any
dietary supplement as a treatment for any disease or
condition.
Glucosamine is marketed to support the structure and
function of joints and the marketing is targeted to people
suffering from osteoarthritis.
Commonly sold forms of glucosamine are glucosamine
sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride, and n-acetyl
glucosamine, but only glucosamine sulfate is given a
"likely effective" rating for treating osteoarthritis.
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Glucosamine
Since glucosamine is a precursor for
glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans are a
major component of joint cartilage, marketers advertise
glucosamine to help to prevent cartilage degeneration
and treat arthritis.
It is safe to use within recommended guidelines, but is
not necessarily effective. If you eat cartilage, it does not
mean you will grow new cartilage.
Beyond recommended dosages, glucosamine may
damage pancreatic cells, possibly increasing the risk of
developing diabetes.
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Energy Drinks
F.D.A. has confirmed a total of 18 filings involving
fatalities and over 150 others involving injuries that
mentioned one of four top-selling energy drinks — Red
Bull, Monster Energy, Rockstar and 5-Hour Energy.
Another federal report found over 13,000 emergency
room visits in 2009 cited an energy drink as a possible
cause.
The New York Times reported that it had received more
than 90 filings about 5-Hour Energy, including ones that
cited its possible involvement in 13 fatalities. In October
2012, the agency said it had received five fatality reports
that cited Monster Energy.
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Red Bull
Swedish officials are investigating the deaths of three
young people (two age 15 and one age 18) who were
drinking Red Bull. The two younger boys who died had
used Red Bull as a mixer with alcohol, while the third
drank several cans of the energy drink after a strenuous
workout and later died of massive kidney failure.
Alcohol and caffeine are both diuretics, and combined
with activities that cause sweating, the kidneys can go
into failure.
France, Denmark and Norway allow Red Bull to be sold
only in pharmacies. Greek officials last week
recommended that the drink not be used after strenuous
exercise or be mixed with alcohol.
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Excess Vitamin B6
Overdosage of pyridoxine causes destruction of the dorsal root ganglia.
Although vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin and is excreted in the urine,
doses of pyridoxine in excess of the RDI over long periods of time result in
painful and ultimately irreversible neurological problems.
The primary symptoms are pain and numbness of the extremities, and in
severe cases difficulty walking. Sensory neuropathy typically develops at
doses of pyridoxine in excess of 1,000 mg per day. However, there have
been a few case reports of individuals who developed sensory neuropathies
at doses of less than 500 mg daily over a period of months. None of the
studies, in which an objective neurological examination was performed,
found evidence of sensory nerve damage at intakes of pyridoxine below 200
mg/day. This condition is usually reversible when supplementation is
stopped.
Excess Vitamin B12
Cardiovascular Problems
People who take too much vitamin B12 may
experience cardiovascular problems.
Excess vitamin B12 can interfere with blood flow to the
heart and lungs, resulting in congestive heart failure or
peripheral vascular thrombosis, a condition that occurs
when a blood clot forms in a blood vessel. Too much
vitamin B12 can also cause pulmonary edema, a
condition that arises when air sacs form in the lungs.
Symptoms of a B12 overdose may include loss of
breath and pain and numbness in the arms and legs.
Excess Vitamin B12
Gastrointestinal Problems
Nausea, upset stomach, indigestion, vomiting
and mild diarrhea.
Skin Rashes
Severe inflammatory facial acne, mild itchy
skin, body rashes or folliculitis of the hair
follicles.
One person experienced acne rosacea after
ingesting 100mcg of B12 and 100mg of B6
on a daily basis.
Tips for making healthy lunches fun to eat
http://fxn.ws/Ou4dYf
Calorie Calculator:
http://www.scoobysworkshop.com/caloriecalculator.htm
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Eating Disorders
Obesity
Bulimia
Anorexia Nervosa
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Obesity
Obesity is about 50 pounds over the ideal
weight.
Moderate obesity is about 75 pounds
overweight, and severe obesity is 100
pounds overweight.
Morbid obesity (danger of causing death)
would be about 200 or more pounds over
weight.
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Obesity
During childhood, some of our cells have not
differentiated into specialized cells yet.
If a child eats a lot of food during infancy and
childhood, most of those “blank” cells will
become fat cells.
For the rest of their life, that person will have
more fat cells than average.
When you lose weight, the fat cells just shrink;
they don’t disappear.
It’s very important to start infants and children
out in life without too much fat in their diets.
The risk of heart disease and diabetes is higher
in obese individuals.
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Obesity
For people who are more than 100 pounds
overweight, they may have a surgery that
staples the stomach into a smaller pouch
so they feel full after just a few
tablespoons of food.
They still need to watch their diet and
make sure they get enough nutrients.
They also have to be careful about not
jamming excess food in deliberately,
because the stomach can stretch out
again.
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Bulimia
People with this condition have the habit of eating to
excess (called binge eating) and then purging
themselves by some artificial means, such as selfinduced vomiting or use of a laxative.
Bulimic individuals are over-concerned about their body
shape and weight, and therefore they may be on a very
restrictive diet.
A restrictive diet may bring on the desire to binge, and
typically the person chooses to consume sweets, like
cakes, cookies, and ice cream.
Then, a feeling of guilt most likely brings on the next
phase, which is a purging of all the calories that have
been taken in.
The problem is, vomiting or diarrhea causes loss of
electrolytes.
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Bulimia
Bulimia causes an abnormal heart rhythm,
and damage to the kidneys can result in
death.
Vomiting up the food causes the stomach
acids to eat away at the pharynx, esophagus,
and teeth.
Dental problems are frequent, and the
esophagus and stomach may even rupture and
tear due to strong contractions during vomiting.
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Anorexia Nervosa
In anorexia nervosa, a morbid fear of gaining
weight causes the person to be on a very
restrictive diet.
Athletes such as distance runners, wrestlers,
and dancers are at risk of anorexia nervosa
because they believe that being thin gives them
a competitive edge.
No matter how thin they have become, people
with anorexia nervosa think they are overweight,
so they may not seek medical help.
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Anorexia Nervosa
Their symptoms of starvation include low blood
pressure, irregular heartbeat, constipation, being
cold, and they tend to get stress fractures.
Menstruation ceases in females; the internal organs
including the brain don’t function well, and the skin
dries up. Eventually, the digestive tract doesn’t
function properly, so the food they do eat cannot
provide nutrients.
When death is imminent, the only recourse may be
hospitalization and force-feeding.
One psychological reason behind anorexia is that it
makes people feel like they have some control over their
lives.
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Isabelle Caro
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Isabelle Caro
French model Isabelle Caro died at age 28 on Nov. 17,
2010.
She was 5’5” and weighed 59 pounds.
“I had a very complicated childhood, very difficult, very
painful. My mother's big phobia was that I would grow.
She spent her time measuring my height. She wouldn't
let me go outside because she'd heard that fresh air
makes children grow, and that's why I was kept at home.
It was completely traumatic.”
Caro's mother killed herself the following week, unable to
cope with guilt as she blamed herself for Caro's death.
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The Pink Method Diet
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