Transcript cells!!! :d
CELLS!!! :D By Carson Z.B. and Gavy S. What kinds of cells are we talking about? :D • This investigation is based off of the cells inside the human body. • We will discuss how they work, what they do, and why our survival is dependent on our existence. Types of cells :D • There are hundreds of different types of cells, and trillions of these in the human body. • The three main types of cells are nerve, muscle, and skin cells. • Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells are the two categorizes of cells that are most important to our bodies. What is inside a cell? :D • Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Ribosomes Centrosome, Endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, Cell nucleus and the Organelles are just a few of the many complicated attributes of a cell. • A cell also has a cell membrane and a Cytoskeleton to store genetic material. • Cell membranes are made of a bi-layer of lipids. Cell Wall :D • A cell wall consists of three layers: The Capsule, Flagella, and the Fimbriae. • The primary cell wall is generally a thin, flexible layer formed while the cell is growing. • The secondary cell wall: a thick layer formed inside the primary cell wall after the cell is fully grown. It’s not found in all cell types. In some, the secondary wall contains lignin, which strengthens and waterproofs the wall. DNA and RNA :D • RNA (genetic makeup) is assumed to be the earliest self-replicating molecule. • It is capable of both storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions. • DNA is the same thing. Oddly though, nintyeight percent of DNA is not specific to any one person, but every alteration between people comes from the two percent of DNA that is altered. Nucleus :D • This is the most important component in a cell. • It is the place where all DNA and RNA interactions occur. • It protects genetic make-ups and houses chromosomes. • It’s the “brain” of the cell. Cell structure :D • A cell has a protective outer covering known as the plasma membrane. • The cytoskeleton holds the organelles in place, helps the cell maintain structure, and takes in external materials for consumtion. • The cytoplasm breaks down materials and creates electricity so that the cell can do its job. What is a cell’s job? :D • A cell’s job depends on the type of cell it is. • Over time a cell can change its job because the cell itself alters over time. Cell Cycle :D • Mitosis- A nuclear division where the number of chromosomes stays the same. • Interphase- A cell’s resting function where it performs normal, routine actions. Also DNA begins to replicate and organelles double to prepare to fully divide the cell. • Prophase- A spindle forms, the centrioles move to opposite poles, and chromosomes become visible. :D Cell Cycle Cont.. • Metaphase- Chromosomes lined up with the equator. • Anaphase- Centromeres divide, Chromatids separate and move to separate poles. • Telophase- Nuclear membrane forms around the groups of chromosomes, the chromosomes unwind, and then Cytokinesis begins. Cytokinesis :D • The process by which the cytoplasm divides and one cell becomes two individual cells. • The process is different in plants and animals then it is in humans. • For animals, the cell pinches inward. Cell Growth :D • This term refers to cell development and cell division (reproduction.) • Cell reproduction happens when one cell splits in half to create two smaller cells. Blood Cells :D • Blood consists of special cells located in a liquid known as plasma. • Blood consists of 55 % plasma, and 45 % cells aka formed elements. • These cells carry oxygen to the tissues and collect Carbon Dioxide. • Blood also carries hormones, enzymes and vitamins around the body. Cells Changing Over Time :D • The environment changes rapidly. • Cells may consume all of a particular food source and must use others instead. • To survive, cells have mechanisms for adjusting their biochemistry in response to signals indicating environmental changes. • Changes include: The activities of preexisting enzyme molecules, changes in the rates of synthesis of new enzyme molecules, and changes in membrane-transport processes. Cell Communication :D • Cells communicate through electrical pulses. • This allows other cells to communicate or signal one another and allows cells to know where other cells are, what kind of cells they are, and helps cells work together with one another. • An example of this is how cells know when other cells have found a virus or something harmful and signals for other antibodies and cells to help with destroying it. :D Cell Communication Cont. • Cells also have a lot of connections to the brain. • The neurons signal other neurons to start a set of a chain of reactions in the brain. • These neuron signals all start with the cells giving out the electric pulses. Plant Cells :D Plant cells are made up of.. • Plasma membrane- The wall of the cell that separates exterior "things" from the inside of the cell. • Nucleus- Where the DNA of the cell is held • Mitochondria- The membrane that surrounds the organelles :D Plant Cells Cont.. • Peroxisomes-circular bodies connected by a membrane with enzymes in them. • All plant cells are eukaryotic. Animal Cells :D All animal cells have.. • A nucleus- The nucleus contains the DNA or genes that are used by a cell. • Ribosomes- Ribosomes generally make proteins for the membrane, or extract certain ones from the cell. • Endoplasmic Reticulum- It is part of the cell membrane. :D Animal Cells Cont.. • Lysosomes- They are enzymes held by a membrane. • Peroxisomes- They are about the same as Lysosomes. • Mitochondria- It transfers the energy into the process of a cell. • :D Cell Death :O • Cells have to die so that newer, healthier ones can grow, and so that when new cells grow exponentially that there won’t be too many. • The killing of cells is done a lot by scientists. • Chemo-therapy is just that. It kills cancer cells so that new ones can grow and replace them. • It helps new cells have an easier time growing things such as new tissue etc. Cells and Science Today :D :D • Scientists today are working on improving the growth of new tissue by using newly grown cells which will reproduce on a certain mold. • It drastically rejuvenates cells where there has been burn damage or a large cut and can prevent amputations. • In the future, scientists are hoping to “grow” whole organs from scratch.