Transcript MANAGEMENT TOOLS for IB

THE RESEARCH PROCESS
INTERNATIONALLY
By
Elisante Ole Gabriel (Tanzania)
Chartered Marketer
[email protected], www.olegabriel.com
+255-784-455-499
1
INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
RESEARCH
• a study conducted to assist decision-making in more
than one country
• research that crosses national borders and involves
respondents and researchers from different countries
and cultures
2
Challenges
• overlooking cross-cultural market behaviour
• employing standardized research methodologies
across the international markets
• using English as a standard language for market
communication
• inappropriate sample selection
• misinterpretation of cross-country data
• failure to use locals to conduct field surveys
3
Cross-cultural marketing behaviour and
research
The collective programming of the mind which
distinguishes the members of one group or category
from the other
4
Comparison of cross-cultural behaviour
Power distance
• the degree of inequality among the people that are viewed
equitably
Individualism vs. collectivism
• the tendency of people to look after themselves and their
immediate family’s interests alone
Masculinity vs. femininity
• masculine societies, the dominant values emphasize work
goals such as earnings, advancement, and success
• feminine society are achievement of personal goals such as
quality of life, care for others, and friendly atmosphere
Uncertainty avoidance
• lack of tolerance of ambiguity and the need for formal rules
5
Comparison of cross-cultural behaviour
Cultural context
The context of a culture has crucial implications in
communicating and interpreting verbal and non-verbal
messages
Cultural homogeneity
• homophilous culture: countries where people share the
same beliefs, language, and religion
• heterophilous culture: countries that have a fair amount
of differentiation in language, beliefs, and religion
6
Process
Problem dentification
Decide Research
Methodology
Workout Information
Requirement
Identify Sources of Information
(Both Primary and Secondary)
Prepare Research
Design
Collect Primary Information
Analyse Information
Evaluation and Interpretation
7
International marketing research and
marketing decisions
Marketing mix decision
• product policy
Type of research
• focus groups and qualitative research to generate ideas
for new product
• survey research to evaluate new product ideas
• concept tasting, test marketing
• product benefit and attitude research
• product formulation and feature testing
8
International marketing research (contd)
Marketing mix decision
Pricing distribution
Type of research
• pricing sensitivity studies
Marketing mix decision
Distribution
Type of research
• survey of shopping patterns and behaviour
• consumer attitudes toward different store types
• survey of distributor attitudes and policies
9
International marketing research
(contd)
Marketing mix decision
Advertising
Type of research
• advertising pre-testing
Marketing mix decision
Advertising post-testing, recall scores
Type of research
• surveys of media habits
10
International marketing research
(contd)
Marketing mix decision
• Sales Promotion
Type of research
• surveys of response to alternative types of promotion
Marketing mix decision
Sales force
Type of research
• tests of alternative sales presentations
11
Emic vs. Etic dilemma
EMIC
Holds that attitudes, interests, and behaviour are
unique to a culture and best understood in their own
terms, and emphasizes studying the research problem
in each country’s specific context
ETIC
Emphasizes identifying and assessing universal
attitudinal and behavioural concepts and developing
‘pan-cultural’ measures
12
Researching Global Markets
Marketing Research: Building The Knowledge Base
• Breadth and scope of international marketing research.
•Greater uncertainties in global markets.
• Marketing research defined :
“Marketing Research is the function which links the
consumers and customers to the organization through
information; information used to identify and define marketing
problems; generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions;
monitor marketing performance; and improve our
understanding of marketing as a process”
13
Role of Marketing Research
• Reduction of uncertainty and facilities management
decision making
Information for :
 Planning (Market entry strategies)
 Problem Solving
 Control
Nature of Marketing Research
Applied research
 Cost-benefits assessment
 Dynamic environment and need for frequent updates
14
Stages in the Research Process
Formulate Problem
Determine Research Design
Determine Data Collective Method
Design Data Collection Forms
Design Sample and Collect Data
Analyze and Interpret the Data
Prepare the Research Report
15
Type of Data Needed for International Marketing Research
• Secondary data
 Internal
 External
 Published
 Commercial
Advantages and Disadvantages of Secondary Data
• Availability
• Reliability
• Compatibility of data
• Validation of secondary data
• Outdated
16
Gathering Primary Data
• Types of primary data
 Socioeconomic / demographic data
 Attitudes / Options
 Awareness / knowledge
 Intentions
 Motivations
 Behaviors
• Qualitative (V.S) Quantitative
• Surveys (V.S) Observations
17
Survey Research
• Personal interviews
• Mail Surveys
• Telephone interviews
• Mall intercept interviews
• Internet : new opportunity for data collection
Observation
• Human
• Mechanical Devices
18
Development of Survey Instrument
• Structured (V.S) Unstructured
• Disguised (V.S) Undisguised
Qualitative Research
• Disguised and Unstructured
 Word Association
 Sentence Completion
 Story Telling
• Focus Groups
19
Sample Design and Issues
• Non probability samples (Finding not generalizable)
• Probability samples
 Types of probability samples
 Issues related to probability samples
 Lack of sampling frame
 Outdated sampling frame (Street and Telephone directories)
 Validation of random samples
20
Data analysis and inferences
• Univariate Data Analysis
• Bivariate Data Analysis
• Multivariate Data Analysis
• Choice of Data Analysis Techniques
 Non-parametric (V.S) Parametric methods
• Statistical Software Packages for Data Analysis
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
21
Estimating Market Demand
• Expert opinion
• Delphi method
• Analogy
• Use of quantitative techniques
• Income elasticity
Assessment of Country Attractiveness
• Market potential / size
• Business climate
• Political stability / risk
22
The Research Report
• Written Report
 Communication with the reader
 Accuracy and completeness
• Form of Report
 Title page
 Table of contents
 Executive summary
 Introduction / problem statement
 Methodology
 Findings
 Conclusions and recommendations
 Appendix
• Oral Report
 Use of powerpoint and graphics
23
Conclusion
• Doing research internationally is more
challenging than Local
• IM research is extremely important, hence
the lifeblood of the International Business
• Not all problems are solved using the
same solution hence a need of various
research approaches. AND..
• International Companies ought to invest
and value of research Internationally.
24