Transcript Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

CHAPTER 4
ANATOMY of
PROKARYOTIC
and EUKARYOTIC CELLS
SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Dr. Reitano
THE STRUCTURE OF A ______________ CELL
__________ STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
________ STRUCTURE
Basic Bacterial ________
BASIC SHAPES:
1. Bacillus
rod-shaped
2. Coccus
spherical
3. _________
– _________
– Spirillum
– Spirochete
SPIRAL BACTERIA
.
PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE
CELL ENVELOPE
• EXTERNAL
– ____________
• Capsule
• Slime layer
– Appendages
• _______
• _______
• Fimbriae
• Axial
Filaments
(Outer Membrane)
Cell _______
Cell Membrane
• INTERNAL
– Cytoplasm
– Nucleoid Region
• _____
– Double-stranded
– circular
– ____________
– Inclusions/granules
– Endospores
GLYCOCALYX
• DESCRIPTION
– Sticky, gel-like
– made of poly__________,
polypeptides, or both
– surrounds cell
• TYPES
– _______ – organized, firmly attached to cell wall;
ex. S. mutans, S. pneumoniae, B.
anthracis
– Slime layer – unorganized, ______ attached to
cell wall
• FUNCTION
– Capsules protect against _____________
– Protection against dehydration
– Slime layers – play role in attachment and
production of ______________
___________
• Microbes attach to solid surfaces and
grow into masses
• Masses will form on rocks, pipes, teeth,
and medical ____________
PROKARYOTIC ________
Description
long, whip-like appendages
Location
external to cell
Structure-different in
filament -outermost
______-widest
________-anchors
Function
___________
Runs, tumbles,
swarms
________ - response to chemical signals
_______FILAMENTS in PROKARYOTES
a.k.a. endoflagella
• Description
– Bundles of ________
• Location
– Anchored at 1 end of
spirochete cells
– Wrap around the
length of the
spirochetes, ex.
T. ___________, B.
burgdorferi
• Function
– Spiral, corkscrew
MOTILITY
PROKARYOTIC __________
• Description
– hair-like
appendages
• Location
– Surrounds entire
cell or at poles of cell
• Function
– ____________ (attachment)
– Ex. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Structure
– _________ (pilin)
PROKARYOTIC _____
• Structure
–Long, rigid, tubular
structures
–1 or 2 per cell
• Function
–Conjugation –
transfer of ______
from 1 bacterial cell
to another
BACTERIAL CELL WALLS
determine __________
provide structural _______
COMPARISON of GRAM POSITIVE and
GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAL CELL WALLS
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• Polymer of a _______________
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic
acid (NAM)
• Linked by poly___________
Figure 4.13a
Figure 4.13b, c
____________________________________________________
BACTERIAL ________ STRUCTURE
GRAM-_________ CELL WALLS
• PG -______________
• ____________ acids: Alcohol + phosphate
• Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
• Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
– May regulate _____(+ ion) movement in and out cell
– Provide __________ specificity
– Play role in cell __________
Figure 4.13b
GRAM-___________ CELL WALL
• PG - ________
• __________________
– Structure
• Lipopolysaccharides
• Lipoproteins
• Phospholipids
• Porins
– Function
• Defense
– Helps evade _________________
– Helps evade complement action
– Barrier to certain antibiotics (penicillin),
lysozyme, detergents, metals, some dyes
________ BACTERIAL CELL WALLS
• ______________ sp.
– Lack cell walls
– ______ in plasma
membrane
Ex. Mycoplasma
pneumoniae
• __________
– May or may not contain
_______________
– Walls of pseudomurein
(lack NAM and D-amino acids)
DAMAGE to BACTERIAL CELL
WALLS
Some methods include:
• _________- digests bonds between
disaccharides in peptidoglycan.
– In G+, results in _____plasts (totally wall-less cells).
– In G-, results in _______plast (semi wall-less cells).
• _______- inhibits formation of peptide bridges
in peptidoglycan.
– G+ bacteria more susceptible than G- bacteria
BACTERIAL CELL WALL SUMMARY
Gram-______
• Thick peptidoglycan
• ________ acids
• In acid-fast cells,
mycolic acid present
Gram-________
 Thin peptidoglycan
 Outer membrane
 ________ space-space
between outer
membrane and plasma
membrane; thin ____
Figure 4.13b–c
PRINCIPLE of _______ STAIN
• Crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) crystals
form in cell
• Gram-positive
– Alcohol dehydrates __________
– _______crystals do not _______
• Gram-negative
– ________ dissolves outer
membrane and leaves _______ in
peptidoglycan
– ________ washes out
FLUID MOSAIC CELL _________ MODEL
• STRUCTURE: PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER + _________
• FUNCTION: controls ________ into and out of cell,
PERMEABILITY
DAMAGE to PLASMA
Membrane- Results in leakage
of cell contents/CELL _______
– Caused by:
Alcohols, Ammonia
(detergents),
_________ antibiotics
Figure 4.14b
INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS
_______________
substance inside the plasma
membrane
NUCLEAR AREA (___________
region)
Genetic material-___________
Single, circular chromosome
RIBOSOMES(70S)
Function in ________ synthesis
Figure 4.6a, b
PROKARYOTIC __________
• Metachromatic
granules (________)
• Polysaccharide
granules
• ______ inclusions
• __________ granules
• Carboxysomes
• ____ vacuoles
• Magnetosomes
•_________ reserves
•Energy reserves
•Energy reserves
•Energy reserves
•Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate
carboxylase for ___ fixation
•_________________
•Protein covered cylinders
Iron oxide (destroys _____)
____________
• __________ cells
• _______ to desiccation,
heat, chemicals
• Bacillus sp.,
Clostridium sp.
• Sporulation: Endospore
formation
• ___________: Return to
vegetative state
______________ CELL
What groups of microorganisms are eukaryotic?
_______ COMPARISON of EUKARYOTIC
CELL STRUCTURE
Flagella and Cilia*
*no ________ in prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic Flagellum: Structure
Microtubules
Tubulin
________ + 2 arrangement
Figure 4.23a, b
EUKARYOTIC CELL WALL PROPERTIES*
• Function
- Support, _____________
• Structure (lack muramic acid)
– Carbohydrate
• Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan
– Plants, algae, fungi
Cell walls NOT present in _________ cells
_______________
– Carbohydrates extending from animal
plasma membrane
– Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane
EUKARYOTIC PLASMA MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE - Phospholipid
bilayer + ___________
-_______ (may be present)protection against lysis
-Carbohydrates-serve as
-________ + recognition sites
FUNCTION
-Selective _________- allows
passage of some molecules:
water, simple sugars, oxygen,
amino acids, carbon dioxide
-Enzymes for ATP production
CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES of EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• _____________
– Substance inside plasma membrane and outside
nucleus
• _____________
– Fluid portion of cytoplasm
• Cytoskeleton*
– microfilaments
– Intermediate filaments
– microtubules
provide support and movement for __________
• Cytoplasmic ____________*
– Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells
EUKARYOTIC CELL __________*
• Membrane-bound:
– Nucleus
– ER
______ complex
– Lysosome
– Vacuole
– Mitochondrion
– Chloroplast(plants)
– Peroxisome
Contains chromosomes, genetic
information; histone proteins**
___________ network between
plasma and nuclear
membranes
Membrane formation,
distribution, protein packaging
Digestive _____________
Brings food into cells and
provides support
Cellular __________ (70S ribosomes)
Photosynthesis (______________)
Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys
__________
EUKARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES
• Not membrane-bound:
– __________
• Protein synthesis (80S*)
– Centrosome*
• Cell _____________
• Consists of protein fibers and centrioles
– Centriole*
• Cell ______________
• Mitotic spindle formation
COMPARISON OF PROKARYOTIC AND
EUKARYOTIC CELLS: AN OVERVIEW
PROKARYOTE
• One circular chromosome, not
in a membrane
• No ___________
• No ___________
• Bacteria: peptidoglycan cell
walls
• ________: pseudomurein cell
walls
• Divides by binary fission
EUKARYOTE
• Paired ______________,
in nuclear membrane
• Histones
• Organelles
• Polysaccharide cell ______,
when present
• Divides by mitosis
____________________
THEORY
• __karyotes evolved from
____karyotes
• Prokaryotes develop a
nucleus
• Eukaryotes ingest
_______bacteria – become
mitochondria
• Eukaryotes ingest
photosynthetic bacteria –
become __________
Figure 10.2
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Function
Selective permeability – allows
passage of some molecules via the following
transport mechanisms:
• ________ transport • Active transport –
_________ needed
– Simple diffusion
– Facilitated diffusion
– Osmosis
_____ needed
– Transporter protein
– Group translocation
– Endocytosis
• _____cytosis: Pseudopods
extend and engulf
particles
• _____cytosis: Membrane
folds inward bringing in
fluid and dissolved
substances
Movement Across Membranes
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• __________ diffusion:
– Movement of a _________ from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
• Facilitated diffusion:
– Movement of a _______ from an area of
_____concentration to an area of low concentration.
– Solute combines with a transporter protein in the
membrane.
Movement Across Membranes
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• __________ diffusion:
– Movement of a solute from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES
Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transport)
Solute combines with a transporter
___________ in the membrane.
Figure 4.17
MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES
• Osmosis (passive transport)
– Movement of _______ across a selectively
permeable membrane from an area of higher
______ concentration to an area of lower ______ conc.
• Osmotic pressure
– The pressure needed to stop the
movement of water across the membrane.
Figure 4.18a
MOVEMENT OF WATER ACROSS MEMBRANESOsmosis (Passive Transport)
• Movement of water from
a greater concentration of
water to a lower
concentration of water
( __________ gradient)
a. through a phospholipid
bilayer.
b. through _______porins
(water transporting
protein channels).
Figure 4.17d
THE PRINCIPLE OF _________
Figure 4.18a–b
THE EFFECT of OSMOSIS on _____
MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES
• ___________ transport
– Transport of substances
requires a transporter
protein and ATP.
Group translocation
– Transport of substances
requires a transporter
________ and _______.
________CYTOSIS & _____CYTOSIS
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE vs. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
CLASSIFICATION
of TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
PROTEIN
DIRECTION of
MOVEMENT
REQUIRES ATP
TYPE of
TRANSPORT
___________
DIFFUSION
____
______
concentration
gradient
No
Passive
FACILITATED
DIFFUSION
___ – carrier
Proteins or
channel
proteins
With
concentration
gradient
________
__________
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
___ – carrier
Proteins
________
concentration
Gradient
Yes
Active
COMPARISON of PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS
CELL PART
FUNCTION
PROKARYOTIC CELL*
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Cell Wall
Support/Protection
Present*
Plants only
Plasma
membrane
Homeostasis/
Transport
__________
Present
Nucleus
__________
Absent
Present
Genetic Material
Cell Function/Properties
Circular
Linear, chromosomes
___________
Gene
regulation/organization
Absent
Present
Ribosomes
_________ Synthesis
Present (______)
Present (_______)
Cytoskeleton
Internal Structure
Absent
Present
Mitochondrion
________ Production
Absent
___________
_____________
Photosynthesis
Absent*
Present*
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Intracellular transport/
chemical reactions
Absent
Present
Golgi Apparatus
Protein
packaging/transport
Absent
Present
Lysosome
___________ Material
Absent
Present in some
Vacuole
Storage
_____________
Present