Cell Membranes
Download
Report
Transcript Cell Membranes
1
What is this?
2
Microscopes
Different types of microscopes
– Light microscope-magnifies images by
focusing light on them
• Most commonly used
• Compound- have two lenses
• Stains may be added to make objects
more visible
– Electron microscopes- magnifies images a
1000X’s more than light microscopes by
focusing a beam of electrons on them
• SEM
• TEM
3
4
A Foot of a Housefly
Using SEM
5
Modern Cell Theory
Cell Theory:
– Cells are the smallest
working units of life
– All living things are made
of cells
– All cells come from preexisting cells
Cheek cells
6
Cell Factory
The cell is like a
factory
– People and machines
perform functions in a
factory
– There are parts of a
cell that also perform
different functions
7
Cell Factory
All factories produce a product.
CELL PRODUCT=PROTEINS
– Cell’s DNA codes for proteins!
– All cells in an organism have the
same DNA, but different cell types
produce different proteins.
– What is needed to build a protein?
8
4 Parts of All Cells
1. Cytoplasm- watery
substance inside all cells
2. Cell membrane (plasma
membrane)- “door” to the
factory that’s made of lipids
and proteins
– It is a phospholipid bilayer
– Selectively-permeableonly certain things pass
through
– Aids in homeostasis for
stable internal conditions
9
Phospholipid Structure
10
4 Parts of All Cells
3. Ribosomes -“assembly
line workers”
– They build proteins
– Found all over cell
– Proteins are either used by cell
or shipped out to other cells
4. Genetic material
– DNA
– RNA
11
Two Main Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
– Bacteria
– Small
– No organelles
except ribosomes
– No nucleus
– Simple
Eukaryotic
– Anything other than
bacteria, like plants and
animals, have these cells
– Large cells
– Organelles
– True nucleus
– Complex
12
Eukaryotic Organelles
Nucleus-“central office” of the cell that
contains DNA where most cell activity is
started
– DNA carries instructions for how to build
proteins
– Nucleus is surrounded by a porous
membrane. Why?
– The nucleolus, is found in the nucleus and
makes the ribosomes.
13
Eukaryotic Organelles
Mitochondria- “powerhouse” of the cell
– The process of cellular respiration releases
chemical energy from carbs to make ATP when
oxygen is present
– C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy(ATP)
– Some cells have more than others—why?
– Contain DNA also
Oxygen
and glucose in
Carbon
dioxide,
water, and
14
ATP
produced
Eukaryotic Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum -“highway” system
throughout inside of cell
– Materials can travel on it throughout the cell
– Rough ER (has ribosomes) vs. Smooth ER
15
Eukaryotic Organelles
Golgi apparatus-“packaging center” of
the cell
– Puts finishing touches on proteins
– Prepares them for shipment out of the cell
16
Eukaryotic Organelles
Lysosome –“recycling center”
– Repairs damaged cell parts.
– Sometimes parts are beyond repair.
17
Eukaryotic Organelles
Vacuoles“storerooms” in
plant and animal
cells.
– What would they
store?
– If they shrivel, so
does the cell
18
2 Types of Eukaryotic
Cells
There are two main types of
eukaryotic cells
– Plant-like
– Animal-like
19
Plant-like Eukaryotic Cells
Have:
– Large vacuoles…Why?
– A cell membrane that is
surrounded by a cell wall
• Made of cellulose, a carb
• Gives plant cells support and
structure which protect s cell from
bursting when vacuoles swell with
water
– Chloroplasts so can make own
carbs through photosynthesis
• Chlorophyll-green pigment in
chloroplasts that gathers sunlight
• Have DNA like mitochondria
20
Photosynthesis
Source of energy for ALL life on Earth!!!
Reactants
Products
1. Water
1. Oxygen gas
2. Carbon Dioxide
2. Glucose (a carb)
3. Sunlight
21
Photosynthesis
22
Animal-like Eukaryotic Cells
Have:
– Only a cell membrane
– No chloroplasts for
photosynthesis so must
consume food for energy
– Small vacuoles
23
Endosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiotic Theory -mitochondria and
chloroplasts were once prokaryotic cells
that were taken in by other prokaryotes.
Creation of first eukaryotic “organelles”
Prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes
Endosymbiotic Theory
24
25
Cell Transport
Cells need:
WATER
water, oxygen, and
nutrients to get in
through the cell
membrane so they
WASTE
may use them
wastes, proteins,
hormones, and other
particles to leave
Cell transport – the
OXYGEN
movement of particles
through the cell membrane into
or out of the cell
NUTRIENTS
CARBON DIOXIDE
26
Cell Membranes
ALL CELLS HAVE A CELL
MEMBRANE
Cell membrane-
two layered
“door” to the factory that’s made
of lipids and proteins
Selectively-permeable-only
certain things pass through
Aids in homeostasis—
maintaining stable
conditions within the cell
27
Cell Membranes
28
Phospholipid Structure
Each phospholipid of the cell membrane has
two ends:
= “water loving” head
Hydrophobic = “water fearing” tail
Hydrophilic
29
30
Cell Membrane Proteins
Receptor proteins- allow cells to talk to one
another
Cells send “messages” and others receive them
with receptors.
Hormones-cellular messages Ex.) Testosterone
31
Cell Membrane Proteins
Marker proteins -gives
your cells an “identity”
Distinguishes your cells
from other cells
Blood and tissue types
Immune system
A marker
A and B
markers
B marker
No marker
32
Cell Membrane Proteins
Channel proteins allow molecules to
pass through the
membrane
Create a
channel
through the lipids of
the membrane
Selective about what
passes through
33
Natural Movement of
Particles
Things move naturally from
high to low concentrations.
Spray of
Very low or no
concentration
perfume
Fart
Cooking popcorn
Nutrients in
bloodstream
Start out highly
concentrated, but
molecules move outward
to areas of low
concentration
High
concentration
34
Which container has the highest
concentration of particles?
What would happen to the particles
if we connected containers A and C?
35
Natural Movement of
Particles
Movement of particle across
cells membranes work the same
way
The cell creates an
environment
inside that may be different from
the outside
If the concentrations are different
between the inside of the cell and
the outside, particles and
molecules will move until they are
equal inside and out
36
are molecules that can pass through
the cell membrane
is a cell membrane
A)
B)
Draw arrows representing which way
the molecules will naturally move
37
Particles
Different particles are
transported
differently across the
cell membrane
The cell membrane is
selective
Smaller molecules can
pass through
Larger molecules and
charged molecules
cannot.
38
Cell Transport
Two types of transport of particles
across the cell membrane:
Passive—no energy (ATP)
Active—takes energy (ATP)
39
Passive vs. Active Transport
Passive transport – type of movement of
particles across the cell membrane from high to
low concentrations with no energy (ATP)
needed
“Paddling with the current”
Types of passive transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport is just the opposite…low to
high that requires energy
40
Passive Transport -Diffusion
Diffusion – natural
movement of particles
from high to low
concentration
Passive-no ATP needed
Occurs until equilibrium is
reached
This is how some things are
transported through the
cell membrane
High oxygen concentration in blood
41
from breathing diffuses into blood cells
Passive Transport -Osmosis
Why do I care?
Osmosis-diffusion of
water across the cell
membrane from high
to low concentrations
Passive-no ATP needed
Water passes easily
through the semipermeable cell
membrane.
42
Is There Such a Thing as Too
Much Water?
Water can go through the cell
membrane very easily
High concentrations of water in your
blood will move into your cells
Why should I care?
43
44