Transcript Evolution review - local.brookings.k12.sd.us

EVOLUTION
REVIEW
Chapters 22-24
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006
Ability of an organism to survive
and reproduce in a specific
environment
fitness
Inherited characteristic that
increases and organism’s chances
for survival
adaptation
Describe the main points of Darwin’s
theory of evolution
Natural variation in population provides basis
for natural selection to act
Overproduction of offspring forces
competition for resources (struggle for survival)
Organisms best suited to their environment will survive
and reproduce; Other organisms die or leave fewer
offspring (survival of the fittest/natural selection)
Species alive today have descended with modification
from ancestral species that lived in the distant past
All organisms are united into a single “tree of life”
(common descent)
Change in a population over time
evolution
Differences among individuals
within a species
Natural variation
Structures that develop from the
same embryonic tissues, but have
different mature forms
Homologous structures
Organs that are historical
remnants of structures that had
important functions in ancestors
Vestigial organs
Preserved remains of an ancient
organism
fossil
Islands that Darwin visited on his
voyage on the Beagle that started
him thinking about how organisms
change over time
Galapagos
One species of spotted skunk
mates in late summer, and
another mates in late winter.
This is an example of a
pre zygotic reproductive
_____
temporal
barrier called ______________
isolation
http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html
http://www.zwani.com/graphics/antivalentines_day/images/4heart.gif
http://www.horton-szar.net/clipart/animals4.php
Concept that each living species
has descended with changes
from other species over time
Descent with Modifications
Idea that organisms that are
best suited to their environment
will survive and reproduce
Survival of the Fittest
Type of distribution curve shown by
polygenic traits
Bell-shaped curve
(OR normal distribution)
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A
PHYSICAL ADAPTATION
Webbed feet, horns, antlers,
claws, feathers, wings, camouflage,
. . . . there are a million
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
Nocturnal (coming out at night);
Flying south for the winter, living in herds,
“wagon train” defense; burrowing; hibernation
When humans select and breed
animals with certain useful
traits from the natural
variation in the population
Artificial selection
Process by which unrelated
organisms independently evolve
similarities when adapting to
similar environments
Convergent evolution
Book published by Charles Darwin
in which he proposed a mechanism
and provided evidence for his
Theory of Evolution
“On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection”
Process by which related organisms
evolve differences when they are
isolated in different environments
Divergent evolution
The bones in the diagrams below
are examples of
____________
structures
Homologous
http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive to
publish his ideas about evolution by
writing an essay that described similar
ideas.
Alfred Russel Wallace
French naturalist who hypothesized
that organisms acquire traits during
their lifetime through use or disuse
which can be passed on to offspring
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Explain what was incorrect about Lamarck’s
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
hypothesis
Genes determine which traits are passed on;
unless genes are changed the acquired trait will
only show in the original organism
Explain what was correct about Lamarck’s
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
hypothesis
First theory about evolution;
Organisms do change and adapt to their
environments
Male fireflies of one species signal
females of the same species by
blinking their lights in a specific
pattern. Other firefly species
have different patterns. This is
pre zygotic
an example of a _____
reproductive barrier called
Behavioral
______________
isolation
http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html
http://www.webweaver.nu/clipart/insects2.shtml
Name 3 kinds of evidence that
supports Darwin’s THEORY OF
EVOLUTION
Fossils
Geographic distribution
Homologous structures
Vestigial organs
Embryology
DNA
Pseudogenes
Artificial selection
Can see natural selection work
antibiotic resistance, new diseases,
One species of garter snake is
primarily aquatic, while another
closely related species is primarily
terrestrial. This is an example of
pre zygotic
a _____
reproductive barrier called
Habitat
______________
isolation
http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html
http://www.zwani.com/graphics/antivalentines_day/images/4heart.gif
http://www.animalpicturesarchive.com/animal/
The idea that all species, living
and extinct, were derived from
a common ancestor
Common descent
What Darwin called natural
selection?
Survival of the fittest
Measuring lima beans and finding
beans come in different sizes is
an example of
Natural variation
____________
The practice of breeding dogs to
produce offspring with specific
traits is an example of
artificial
selection
_________________
A human’s appendix and a
skink’s legs are examples of
_______________
Vestigial organs
How would Lamarck
explain these giraffes
with longer necks?
Giraffes stretched their necks to
reach food in tall trees and this
acquired characteristic is passed
on to their offspring.
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006
How would Darwin explain these
giraffes with longer necks?
Populations naturally have
individuals with different
sizes of necks
(natural variation)
The ones with longer necks
are better able to get food,
survive, and pass on their longer
neck alleles.
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006
Evolutionary change on the smallest
scale like new strains of HIV
evolving from current HIV virus is
micro evolution
called ______
Which variable is used to represent
the frequency of the dominant
allele in a Hardy Weinberg
problem?
p
According to this diagram, modern
whales have a vestigial pelvis
and femur. What does this suggest
about ancestors of modern whales?
Ancestors of modern
whales had legs and
walked on land
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006
The adaptations in species of finches
that Darwin observed on the
Galάpagos Islands were
different shaped _____________
beaks
Why did Darwin first hesitate to
publish his ideas about evolution?
His findings challenged
fundamental scientific beliefs at
the time
A possible explanation for a set of
observations or a possible answer
to a scientific question
hypothesis
Change in the DNA sequence of an
organism due to mistakes in
replication or damage from
radiation or chemicals
mutation
Who is the scientist that proposed
the idea that forces which have been
changing the Earth are still at work?
Charles Lyell
Who realized that human populations
were increasing and said eventually
there would not be enough food and
space for everyone?
Thomas Malthus
Whales and wolves share a common
ancestor, but have evolved to look
very different. This is an example
of _____________
evolution.
divergent
What do we call genes that have
lost their function due to mutations?
pseudogenes
Tell one piece of evidence that
suggests human chromosome #2
evolved by joining 2 smaller
ancestor chromosomes.
Banding pattern matches
It has telomeres in the middle
instead of just at the ends.
It has an extra inactive centromere
instead of just one.
Give an example of homologous
structures
Human arm, bird wing, whale flipper
Give an example of a pseudogene you
learned about
Vitamin C gene in primates,
genes for “smell” in humans
A well supported, testable
explanation of phenomena that
have occurred in the natural
world is called a
______________
theory
Name the ship that Darwin spent 5
years on traveling around the world.
H.M.S. Beagle
Who is the scientist that proposed
the idea of that forces have been
changing the Earth and have been
at work for millions of years?
James Hutton
Who is the scientist that proposed
the idea of “Inheritance of
Acquired Traits”?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Who is the scientist that proposed
an idea about evolution which
prompted Darwin to publish his theory?
Alfred Wallace
When lions prey on a herd of antelope,
some antelope are killed and some
escape. Which part of Darwin’s theory of
evolution might be used to describe this
situation? Survival of the fittest;
natural selection
Explain what was incorrect about Lamarck’s
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
hypothesis
TRAITS ARE DETERMINED BY GENES;
ACQUIRED TRAITS ARE NOT PASSED ON
Explain what was correct about Lamarck’s
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
hypothesis
LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME TO
BEST FIT THEIR ENVIRONMENTS
Another name for divergent evolution
Adaptive radiation
is ________________
What Darwin called “survival of the
fittest”
Natural selection
_________________
Another name for “struggle for
competition
existence” is _______________
Darwin’s concept of evolution was influenced by all
of the following EXCEPT
A.
B.
C.
D.
the work of Charles Lyell and James Hutton
his collection of specimens and fossils
his knowledge of the structure of DNA
his voyage around the world
E. Malthus’s ideas about populations and resources
C. Darwin didn’t know about DNA!
Whales and sharks are not closely
related, but have evolved to have
similar body shapes and fins
because they live in similar
environments. This is an example of
_____________
evolution.
convergent
TELL THE CONDITIONS UNDER
WHICH THE HARDY-WEINBERG
PRINCIPLE HOLDS TRUE:
Random mating
LARGE population
NO mutations
NO movement IN OR OUT
NO natural selection
All of these statements about the structure of
human chromosome #2 provide evidence for
evolution EXCEPT
A. Its banding pattern matches the pattern seen on two smaller
chimp chromosomes
B. It has telomeres in the center, as well as at the ends
C. It carries a functional gene for making vitamin C
D. It has an extra non-functional centromere
C. Humans have a nonfunctional vitamin C making gene,
and its not on chromosome #2
Name the type of selection
shown in the diagram below.
Directional selection
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Traits controlled by two or
more genes
Polygenic trait
Process by which related organisms
evolve differences when they are
isolated in different environments
Divergent evolution OR
Adaptive radiation
Measuring lima beans and finding
beans come in different sizes is an
example of ____________
Natural variation
Process by which unrelated
organisms independently evolve
similarities when adapting to
similar environments or to solve
similar problems
Convergent evolution
Stabilizing selection, individuals
In _____________
near the center of a normal curve of
distribution have higher fitness than
those at the extremes
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
A change in a DNA sequence caused
by a mistake in DNA replication or
exposure to radiation or chemicals
mutation
Changes in the allele frequency
in a small population that are due
to random chance and don’t follow
the laws of probability
Genetic drift
All the genes, including all the
different alleles, in a
population
Gene pool
A situation in which the allele
frequencies in a population do NOT
change and the population does
NOT EVOLVE
Genetic equilibrium
A change in allele frequencies due to
the migration of a small subgroup
of a population to a new place
Founder effect
Idea that allele frequency will
remain constant unless one or more
factors cause those frequencies
to change
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
The copulatory organs of two
insect species do not fit
together. This is an example of a
pre zygotic reproductive
_____
barrier called ______________
mechanical
isolation
http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.htm
lhttp://newhaven828.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8347ae50569e200e5538e3c2e8834-320pi
Tell the 2 equations needed to
solve Hardy Weinberg problems
p + q = 1
P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
The number of times a certain
allele occurs in a gene pool
compared to the number of times
other alleles for the same gene occur
Relative frequency
Tell two sources of genetic variation
in populations
Mutations
caused by mistakes in copying DNA
caused by radiation
or environmental chemicals
Gene shuffling during meiosis
crossing over
independent assortment
In ___________
disruptive
selection,
individuals at the extreme ends
of the normal distribution curve
have higher fitness than those
near the center of the curve
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Name the type of selection
shown in the diagram below.
Stabilizing selection
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
WHICH PATTERN of SELECTION IS IT?
stabilizing
disruptive
directional
Lighter colored peppered moths were more
common in England prior to the Industrial
revolution. As pollution increased, the darker
colored moths were less likely to be eaten. Over
time darker colored moths have become more
abundant in the population.
directional selection
directional selection
In ___________
individuals at one end of the
normal distribution curve have
higher fitness than individuals in
the middle or at the other end
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
If all the conditions of HardyWeinberg are met, what happens
to the population?
There is NO EVOLUTION
Which variable is used to represent
the frequency of the
RECESSIVE PHENOTYPE in a
population in a Hardy Weinberg
problem?
q2
Can all the conditions of
Hardy-Weinberg ever be met?
MOST OF THE TIME NO WAY!
You can have small & isolated populations
(no moving in or out) BUT. . . there is
always non-random mating, mutations, &
natural selection. So there is ALMOST
ALWAYS EVOLUTION HAPPENING !
Darwin believed in the idea that
evolution happened slowly over a
long period of time called
__________
gradualism
Pattern of evolution in which long
stable periods of little evolution
interrupted by brief periods of
rapid change
Punctuated equilibrium
The clan of “blue people” in
Kentucky we learned about is an
founder
example of ___________
effect
A change in relative frequency
of alleles in a population
evolution
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution
adaptive radiation
punctuated equilibrium
divergent evolution
mass extinction
Horse evolution shows long stable periods
of little evolution interrupted by brief
periods of rapid change
Punctuated equilibrium
Biology by Miller and Levine Pearson Publishing
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution
adaptive radiation
punctuated equilibrium
divergent evolution
mass extinction
At the end of the Cretaceous period an asteroid
hit the Earth causing the loss of many species
including the dinosaurs
Mass extinction
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution
adaptive radiation
punctuated equilibrium
divergent evolution
mass extinction
The Galápagos finches evolved through natural
selection from a common ancestor into a wide
variety of different looking species with different
kinds of beaks
Adaptive radiation (divergent evolution)
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution
adaptive radiation
punctuated equilibrium
divergent evolution
mass extinction
Hummingbirds have a beak just the right length
to reach the nectar in a cardinal flower and as
they feed their foreheads bump into the pollen
structure. Cardinal flowers are red which
hummingbirds can see, but bees can’t, and their
pollen structure is at just the right height for
the hummingbird to pick up pollen as it feeds.
coevolution
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution
adaptive radiation
punctuated equilibrium
divergent evolution
mass extinction
Whales, sharks, and penguins all have streamlined
bodies and fins/flipper for moving in water
even though they belong in different animal groups
(mammals, fish, and birds)
Convergent evolution
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution
adaptive radiation
punctuated equilibrium
divergent evolution
mass extinction
Beaver
Beaver
NORTH
AMERICA
Muskrat
Muskrat
Beaver
and
Muskrat
Capybara
SOUTH AMERICA
Coypu
Coypu
Beaver in North America
and capybara in South
America are closely
related species living in
very different
environments that have
evolved to look different
over time.
Adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution
BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine Pearson Publishing
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution
adaptive radiation
punctuated equilibrium
divergent evolution
mass extinction
The tortoises on the Galapagos islands share a
common ancestor, but over time they have become
adapted for obtaining food in different habitats
on different islands by having different
neck lengths
Adaptive radiation OR
divergent evolution
Similarities that result from
CONVERGENT evolution are
considered to be ____________
analogous
structures.
WHICH PATTERN of SELECTION IS IT?
stabilizing
disruptive
directional
Human babies born smaller than average are likely
to be less healthy and less likely to survive.
Larger than average babies are likely to have
difficulty being born. The fitness of these larger
or smaller weight babies is lower than averagesized babies so human babies tend to born of
average size.
Stabilizing selection
Name the type of selection
shown in the diagram below.
Disruptive selection
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
WHICH PATTERN of SELECTION IS IT?
stabilizing
disruptive
directional
A population of birds lives in an area where plants
with medium sized seeds are wiped out by a
fungal infection. Birds with unusually large or
small beaks would have higher fitness than those
with medium sized beaks. Over time the
population splits into two subgroups; one that eats
small seeds and one that eats large seeds.
disruptive selection
Mules produced when a horse and
donkey interbreed are sterile. This
is an example of a
_____
post zygotic reproductive barrier
called hybrid ____________
infertility
http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html
All of the following influenced
Darwin except
Lyell
Mendel
Hutton
Malthus
Lamarck
Mendel
Which variable is used to represent
the frequency of the recessive
allele in a Hardy Weinberg
problem?
q
Sperm of one sponge species cannot
penetrate the egg of a closely
related species.This is an example
pre zygotic reproductive
of a _____
barrier called _________
isolation
gametic
http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html
http://sisu.typepad.com/sisu/spongebob.jpg
Evolutionary change above the species
level including the appearance of major
evolutionary developments like flight
(EX: fish → amphibians) is called
macro
______evolution
Which variable is used to represent the
frequency of the dominant PHENOTYPE
in a population in a Hardy Weinberg
problem?
p2
Mode of speciation induced when an
ancestral population becomes split
by a geographic barrier
Allopatric “other country”
Which variable(s) is/are used to
represent the frequency of the
HETEROZYGOUS PHENOTYPE in a
population in a Hardy Weinberg
problem?
2pq
Mode of speciation occurring as a
result of a radical change in the
genome of a subpopulation
reproductively isolating it from the
parent population (EX: polyploidy)
sympatric “same country”
The geographic distribution patterns
of species that support Darwin’s
theory
biogeography
Two cotton species produce fertile
hybrids but the next generation is
infertile. This is an example of a
post zygotic reproductive
_____
barrier called hybrid __________
breakdown
http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.htm
http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Open_cotton_plant.jpg
Gene flow occurs when a
__________
population gains or loses alleles
when individuals move in or out of
a population
Kind of genetic drift in which a
sudden change in the environment
(ex: earthquake, tidal wave, fire)
drastically reduces the size of
population Bottleneck effect
The increased chance of survival of
individuals that are heterozygous for
the sickle cell allele helps to maintain
this deleterious recessive allele in
populations that live in areas infected
by malaria. This is called
Heterozygote advantage
Kind of genetic drift in which a few
individuals become isolated from a larger
population and establish a new population
whose gene pool is different from the
parent population
Founder effect
Nearly all the embryos die when
eggs of a bullfrog are fertilized
artificially with sperm from a
leopard frog. This is an example
of a ____
post zygotic reproductive
barrier called hybrid __________
inviability
http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.htm
l http://www.animationlibrary.com
THE END. . .
or is it?
EVOLUTION IS STILL HAPPENING