Transcript Chapter Review for Test

Chapter 15
Test Review
1. Fossils
Who Was Charles Darwin?
While on his voyage around the world
Beagle Charles Darwin
aboard the H.M.S.
____________,
spent about one month observing life on the
________________.
Galápagos Islands
There, he encountered some unique animals,
tortoises
such as finches
______ and ________.
http://www.darwinadventure.com/pictures/galapagos_giantortoise.jpg
http://mikebaird.com/ecuador/images/galapagos_off_ecuador_ng_map.jpg
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif
GALAPAGOS FINCHES
The _____
beaks of Galapagos finches have
adapted
______ to eating a variety
_____ of foods
_____.
VOCAB
inherited characteristic that
Any ___________________
of survival
increases an organism’s chance
______________
ADAPTATION
= _____________
http://www.wildlife-traps.com/skunks.html
http://www.atomtigerzoo.com/photos/images/20060421233733_duckfeet.jpg
http://www.3kitty.org/travelrama/Photos/123-21-4x6.jpg
Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish
the results of his work!
In 1859
On
the Origin of Species
____________________
evidence
presented _______
and proposed a
mechanism
________ for evolution
that he called
NATURAL
SELECTION
__________________
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg
•
•
•
•
1. overpopulation
2. variation
3. struggle to survive
4. Survival of the Fittest
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
GENETIC VARIATION is found
_________________
naturally in all populations
http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/images/primary/zebra-herd.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
______________________
STRUGGLE
FOR EXISTENCE
means that members of each species
must COMPETE
________ for food, space, and
other RESOURCES
__________.
http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
Some organisms in a ________
population
less likely to survive.
are ________
http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/rrs/lowres/rrsn69l.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
_____________________
organisms which are better adapted
survive and
to the environment will ______
reproduce passing on their _____.
genes
________,
http://www.poster.net/bedard/bed202.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
______________________
STRUGGLE
FOR EXISTENCE
means that members of each species
must COMPETE
________ for food, space, and
other RESOURCES
__________.
http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg
http://www.nndb.com/people/250/000024178/malthus.jpg
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Thomas
Malthus (1798)
_____________________
He observed that babies were being born
faster than people were dying. He
reasoned that if the human population
continued to grow, sooner or later there
insufficient space & food
would be _______________________
Evidence for Evolution
• 1. DNA
• 2. Embryology
• 3. Comparative Anatomy (vesitgial,
homologous, analogous)
• 4. Fossil Record
Fossil Record
• Transitional fossils
Comparative Anatomy
• Homologous
Analogous
Vestigial
Comparative Embryology
Comparative Embryology
Comparative Embryology
Similarities in DNA
6. _______________
Similarities
DNA and
in ____
PROTEIN
________
sequences
suggest
relatedness
Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing©2005
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/scars.JPG
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm
Whales and sharks have a _____
similar body design
different organisms
even though they are very _______
(one is a fish; the other, a mammal)
independently adapted to
because they have _________________
living in a _____
similar environment.
= CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
Whales are closely related to wolves, but
don’t look or act much like them
= divergent evolution
Conclusion:
The pressure of
the environment
drives evolution
Whales are distantly related
to sharks, but look and act more
like them =
convergent evolution
Section 15-3
Geographic
Distribution of Living
Species
Beaver
Beaver and capybara
are ______________
closely-related
species
_______ living in very
________
different
environments,
while beaver and
musk-rat are
_______________
distantly-related
_______
species living in a
similar
______ environment.
Differences between
beaver and capybara
show _________
divergent
evolution, while
similarities
between beaver and
muskrat show
convergent
__________ evolution.
Beaver
NORTH AMERICA
Muskrat
Muskrat
Beaver and
Muskrat
Coypu
Capybara
SOUTH AMERICA
Capybara
Coypu
Coypu and
Capybara
Differences
between
_____________
closely-related
muskrat
and coypu
divergent
show _________
evolution, while
similarities
between
distantly-related
______________
capybara
and coypu show
convergent
___________
evolution.
Patterns of Evolution
• Divergent
• Convergent
Convergent
Coevolution
Biogeography
Biogeography
• Most of the 140 species of marsupials in
Australia are found nowhere else in the
world.
Worldwide Distribution of the Order Marsupiala
No.
No.
Common Names
Scientific
Name
Oppossums
Didelphidae
12
70
Americas
Marsupial Mice, Marsupial Cats,
Tasmanian Devil
Dasyuridae
14
50
Australasia
Tasmanian Wolf
Thylacinidae
1
1
Tasmania
Numbats/Banded Anteaters
Myrmecobiid
ae
1
1
Australia
Bandicoots
Peramelidae
8
18
Australasia
Shrew Oppossums
Caenolestida
e
3
7
South America
Possums, Cuscuses, Gledero,
Ringtails
Phalangerida
e
13
40
Australasia
Noolkanger or Honey Possum
Tarsipedidae
1
1
Australia
Koalas
Phoscolaratid
ae
1
1
Australia
Wombats
Vombatidae
2
4
Australia
Kangaroo/Wallabies, Potoroos, Rat
Kangaroos
Macrophodid
ae
15
47
Australasia
Gene
ra
Speci
es
Distribution
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Charles Lyell
In 1833 ___________
explains that the geological
processes still ___________
occurring now
have shaped Earth’s
features over
long
periods of time
________________
http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Sir_Charles_Lyell
http://www.educa.rcanaria.es/fundoro/00.corsi.htm
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck (1809)
___________________________
was one of first scientists
to recognize living things
changed
over time and that
_______________
all species were descended
________ from
other species.
Lamarck published his hypothesis of
Inheritance of Acquired traits
________________________
the year Darwin was born.
The male fiddler crab uses its
front claw to _________mates
attract
predators
and fight off _____________.
repeated use, the
Through _________
front claw becomes ________.
larger
The fiddler passes on this
acquired
__________
characteristic to
its offspring
http://www.geocities.com/arnold_schwarzenegger_pictures/
What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Lamarck didn’t know about
genes and how traits are
inherited
_______.
If you lifted weights your
whole young adult life, and
then you had children, would
your kids be more muscular?
ACQUIRED traits can ____
PASSED ON
NOT be __________
NO! ________
to their offspring.