Transcript WHAT IS DARWIN`S THEORY?

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity
Chapter 15-1
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
WRITE A DEFINITION:
EVOLUTION:
change over time; the process by which modern
organisms have descended from ancient
organisms
THEORY:
a well-supported testable explanation of
phenomena that have occurred in the natural world
FOSSIL:
the preserved remains of ancient organisms
http://www.millan.net
REMEMBER !
The total variety of all the
organisms in the biosphere
= ________________
BIODIVERSITY
Where did all these different organisms
come from?
How are they related?
What scientific explanation can
account for the diversity of life?
ANSWER:
A collection of ______________,
Scientific facts
observations and ___________
hypotheses
__________,
known as
________________________
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
The person who contributed the
most to our understanding of
evolution was
Charles Darwin
______________________
http://harrier.users.netlink.co.uk/Darwin_sm.jpg
In 1831, at age 22, he joined the crew of
H.M.S. Beagle as a naturalist for
the _______________
a ________
5 year voyage around the world.
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
During his travels, Darwin wrote thousands
of pages in his journals, drew pictures of
the things he saw, and collected a vast
evidence
amount of ______________
that led him
revolutionary hypothesis
to propose a _______________________
life changes
about the way _____________.
http://www.elsie.brandeis.edu/images/journals.gif
http://www.24hourmuseum.org.uk/chg/content/images/2003_2233.JPG
DARWIN WONDERED?
different
Why do Argentina and Australia have ________
animals
______ even though they have ________
similar
ecosystems
grassland ____________?
Why are there no rabbits
______ in Australia and
no ________
kangaroos in England?
Why have so many species
disappeared?
How are these ______
extinct species
related to living species?
http://www.rc.umd.edu/praxis/mitchell/images/dinosaur1.gif
Who Was Charles Darwin?
While on his voyage around the world
Beagle Charles Darwin
aboard the H.M.S.
____________,
spent about one month observing life on the
________________.
Galápagos Islands
There, he encountered some unique animals,
tortoises
such as finches
______ and ________.
http://www.darwinadventure.com/pictures/galapagos_giantortoise.jpg
http://mikebaird.com/ecuador/images/galapagos_off_ecuador_ng_map.jpg
The Galάpagos Islands are close together
climates
but have very different _______.
Some were hot and dry, with
little vegetation.
Others had more rainfall and were
rich in vegetation
Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Each island had
unique
its own _____
_________
assortment of
plant and animal
species.
Giant Tortoises of the Galápagos Islands
Section 15-1
and on Pinta Island, tortoise necks
were somewhere in between
Pinta
Pinta Island
Tower
Marchena
Intermediate shell
Fernandina
James
Santa Cruz
Isabela
Santa Fe
Hood Island
Floreana
Isabela Island
Hood
Saddle-backed shell
On the desert-like Hood Island,
tortoises had long necks…
Dome-shaped shell
…while
Go to on the lush rainforest of Isabela Island,
Section:tortoises had short necks…
After his voyage, Darwin spent a great
deal of time thinking about his findings.
Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
He began to wonder if animals living on
different islands had once been members
same species that had
of the ____________
developed different
_________ characteristics
after becoming isolated
_______ from one
another in different habitats.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
Chapter 15-2
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
James Hutton
In 1785 ______________
proposes that the EARTH
shaped by
was _______
geological forces
_________________
occurring over
very long
__________
periods of
time, and is
millions of years old.
_______________
http://www.creationism.org/books/TaylorInMindsMen/TaylorIMMc03.htm
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Charles Lyell
In 1833 ___________
explains that the geological
processes still ___________
occurring now
have shaped Earth’s
features over
long
periods of time
________________
http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Sir_Charles_Lyell
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Theory of Pangaea
…and continental
drift
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgsnps/animate/A08.gif
http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg
REMEMBER !
Chapter 3
competition
Living things must compete for
food, shelter, space, mates
http://www.nndb.com/people/250/000024178/malthus.jpg
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Thomas
Malthus (1798)
_____________________
He observed that babies were being born
faster than people were dying. He
reasoned that if the human population
continued to grow, sooner or later there
insufficient space & food
would be _______________________
http://www.educa.rcanaria.es/fundoro/00.corsi.htm
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck (1809)
___________________________
was one of first scientists
to recognize living things
changed
over time and that
_______________
all species were descended
________ from
other species.
Lamarck published his hypothesis of
Inheritance of Acquired traits
________________________
the year Darwin was born.
The male fiddler crab uses its
front claw to _________mates
attract
predators
and fight off _____________.
repeated use, the
Through _________
front claw becomes ________.
larger
The fiddler passes on this
acquired
__________
characteristic to
its offspring
http://www.geocities.com/arnold_schwarzenegger_pictures/
What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Lamarck didn’t know about
genes and how traits are
inherited
_______.
If you lifted weights your
whole young adult life, and
then you had children, would
your kids be more muscular?
ACQUIRED traits can ____
PASSED ON
NOT be __________
NO! ________
to their offspring.
What’s right with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Lamarck was first to
develop a scientific
hypothesis about
evolution
_______
and recognize that
organisms are
adapted to their environments
________________________
http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~he599900/giraffeeating.jpg
Match the letter of the idea with
the man or men who proposed it:
Malthus
Hutton
Lyell
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lamarck
The earth is really old, and slowly changes
Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changes
Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources
Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources,
and pass those changes on to their offspring
Go to
Section:
c.
Malthus
Hutton
a.
Lamarck
Lyell
b.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The earth is really old, and slowly changes
Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changes
Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources
Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources,
and pass those changes on to their offspring
Go to
Section:
Concept Map
Section 15-3
Evidence of
Evolution
includes
The fossil record
Geographic
distribution of
living species
Homologous
body structures
Similarities
in early
development
which is composed of
which indicates
which implies
which implies
Physical
remains of
organisms
Common
ancestral
species
Similar genes
Similar genes
Go to
Section:
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Darwin Presents his Case
Chapter 15-3
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
•
http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg
http://www.fx.clemson.edu/~ablank/126436919.Broccoli.jpg
http://www.butterball.com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving1.jp
THINK ABOUT IT
•What do oranges, broccoli and
•Butterball turkeys have to do
•with EVOLUTION?
•(Answers to come in this slide show!)
•After Darwin returned to England in 1836
•he filled notebooks with his ideas
•about species
_____________
diversity and the process
•that he would later call evolution
_______.
•He did not rush to publish his ideas
•because they ________ with the
disagreed______ of his
•fundamental scientific
beliefs
•day.
•He asked his wife to publish
•his ideas when he ___.
died
http://www.elsie.brandeis.edu/images/journals.gif
•In 1858 another naturalist,
Alfred
Russel Wallace wrote an
•_________________,
•essay describing his work in Malaysia
_______ that
•summarized the same ideasDarwin
_____ had
•been thinking about for 25 years!
http://www.thesecondevolution.com/wallace&darwin.jpg
•Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish
•the results of his work!
•In 1859
On
the Origin of Species
•____________________
•presented evidence
_______
•and proposed a
mechanism
•________ for evolution
•that he called
NATURAL
SELECTION
•__________________
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg
Isn’t evolution just a theory?
A theory is well-supported
a ____________,
testable
_______, explanation of phenomena
that have occurred in the natural
world, like
gravitational
the theoryattraction
of
cell
__________________,
theory
atomic theory
________,
and _____________.
http://www.avgoe.de/StarChild/DOCS/STARCH00/questions/apple_falling.gif
http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/chemistry/atomic_structure2/atom.g
•WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
VARIATION is found
• GENETIC
_________________
• naturally in all populations
http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/images/primary/zebra-herd.jpg
•WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
STRUGGLE
FOR EXISTANCE
•______________________
•means that members of each species
•mustCOMPETE
________ for food, space, and
•otherRESOURCES
__________.
http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg
•WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
•Some organisms in a population
________
likely to survive.
•are less
________
http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/rrs/lowres/rrsn69l.jpg
•WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
OF THE FITTEST
• SURVIVAL
_____________________
organisms which are better adapted to
survive
the environment will ______
and
reproduce passing on their _____.
genes
________,
http://www.poster.net/bedard/bed202.jpg
•VOCAB
http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan170l.jpg
•Ability of an individual tosurvive
______
and
reproduce in its specific
•____________
•environment
•=fitness
______
•VOCAB
characteristic that
•Any inherited
___________________
of survival
•increases an organism’schance
______________
•= ADAPTATION
_____________
http://www.wildlife-traps.com/skunks.html
http://www.3kitty.org/travelrama/Photos/123-21-4x6.jpg
http://www.atomtigerzoo.com/photos/images/20060421233733_duckfeet.jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
Over time, natural selection
CHANGES in the
results in ________
inherited characteristics of a
POPULATION
__________.
increase a
These changes ______
species’ fitness
_____ in its environment.
How Does Evolution Really Work?
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
____________________________
suggests that each species has
DESCENDED with CHANGES
___________,
________,
from other species over time.
This idea suggests that all living
TO EACH OTHER
species are RELATED
____________________,
and that all species, living and extinct,
COMMON ANCESTOR
share a _________________.
•
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION:
Artificial selection
1. ________________
2. ________________
Fossil record
Geographic
Distribution
• 3.
_______________
Homologous
structures
• 4.
_______________
• 5.
_______________
Embryology
• 6.DNA
_______________
• 7.See
_______________
Natural selection happen
• ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS
NATURE
•In artificial selection, ____________
•provides the _________
variation through
•_________ and _________________
mutation
sexual reproduction
select those traits that
•andhumans
______________
they find ______.
useful
http://www.pp3moo.com/hm2cow.jpg
EX: We have
selected for and bred
cows to produce more
milk,
turkeys with more
breast meat, etc.
http://lazerbrody.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/turkey.gif
Breeds of Dogs
Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexico
by Mayans, had religious significance
Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A.D
to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the
Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland
Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to
hunt wolves and elk
Dachshund – bred in Germany as early
as the 15th century to hunt badgers
SLIDE FROM: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS
•____________________________
BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
•
http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg
http://www.fx.clemson.edu/~ablank/126436919.Broccoli.jpg
http://www.butterball.com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving1.jp
THINK ABOUT IT
•Now you know what broccoli and
Butterball turkeys have to do with
evolution!
•(Answers about oranges to come in this slide show!)
How Do We Know Evolution Happens?
2. The Fossil Record –
Fossils
remains
______ are the _______
_________________
of
ancient organisms
found in layers of rock
in the Earth.
How Do We Know Evolution Happens?
The layers of rock tell the history of the
Earth
_____, while the fossils
_____ found within
the rock tell a history of life
___.
The fossils are thought
same age as
to be the ________
the rock they
are found in.
Movement of Earth’s Crust
Section 15-2
Earthquakes and volcanoes
cause uplifting of the layers of the
Earth, taking the fossils along
Sea
level
Fish die in
the ocean
and are
covered in
sediment.
Over time
and under
increasing
pressure,
the remains
becomes
fossilized
Sedimentary
rocks form in
horizontal
layers.
When part of
Earth’s crust is
compressed, a
bend in a rock
forms, tilting the
rock layers.
As the surface
erodes due to
water, wind,
waves, or glaciers,
the older rock
surface is
exposed.
Fossils of
marine
fish found
on the
mountainsides of
southwest
Wyoming,
which at
one time
was
covered
by an
inland sea
TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS HAVE BEEN FOUND
Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p100-107
If Darwin’s theory is correct you would
expect to find closely
____________
related yet
_______________
different species living in a
_________
geographic region as they spread into
nearby habitats and evolve.
That’s EXACTLY what we do see!
http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
•REMEMBER THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES
Intermediate vegetation
Intermediate necks
Little vegetation
Long necks
Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher©2006
Lots of vegetation
Short necks
Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they
spread from the mainland to the different islands.
= DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif
•GALAPAGOS FINCHES
The _____
beaks of Galapagos finches have
adapted
______ to eating a variety
_____ of foods
_____.
If Darwin’s theory is correct you would
species
also expect to find different
_______________
living in far
________
apart geographic regions
but similar habitats becoming more
________
alike
similar ecosystems
as they adapt to ______________.
That’s EXACTLY what we do see!
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/scars.J
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm
Whales and sharks have a _____
similar body design
different organisms
even though they are very _______
(one is a fish; the other, a mammal)
because they have _________________
independently adapted to
living in a _____
similar environment.
= CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
Whales are closely related to wolves, but don’t look
or act much like them
= divergent evolution
Conclusion:
The pressure of
the environment
drives evolution
Whales are distantly related
to sharks, but look and act more
like them =
convergent evolution
Section 15-3
Geographic
Distribution of Living
Species
Beaver
Beaver and capybara
are closely-related
species
______________
_______
different living in
very ________
environments,
while beaver and
musk-rat are
distantly-related
_______________
species
similar
_______ living in a
______ environment.
Differences between
beaverdivergent
and capybara
show _________
evolution, while
similarities
between beaver and
convergent
muskrat show
Beaver
NORTH AMERICA
Muskrat
Muskrat
Beaver and
Muskrat
Coypu
Capybara
Capybara
SOUTH AMERICA
Coypu
Coypu and
Capybara
Differences
between
_____________
closely-related
muskrat
and coypu
divergent
show _________
evolution, while
similarities
between
distantly-related
______________
capybara
and coypu show
convergent
___________
evolution.
Structures
4. HOMOLOGOUS
_____________________
Image from:
http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
4. Homologous Body Structures –
Structures, like the limbs of
vertebrates, look very
different
_______,
but are made from the
__________,
same bones because
they are made from
the same clump of
undifferentiated
_____________ cells
in the embryo
_______.
Image from:
Section 15-3
Turtle
Figure 15–
15 Homologous Body
Structures
Alligato
r
Ancient lobe-finned fish
Bird
Mammal
4. Homologous Body Structures –
Some homologous
_______________________
body structures
are vestigial
_______ and have no useful
function even though they are still
present, likehipbones
________in whales and
boa constrictors, or atail
____ and
________________in
cecum (appendix)
humans.
http://www.txtwriter.com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage12.html
• Most mammals have a pouch
between their small and large
intestine that contains bacteria
cecum
to digest plants called a _____.
In humans the cecum
is shrunken and unused.
appendix
It is our _________
http://www.medicalgeo.com/images/appendix.gif
Why grow a tail and then lose it?
•HUMAN EMBRYO
•________________
has
a tail at 4 weeks
_
tail
http://www.suite101.com/files/topics/6234/files/tail_HumanTail.gif
Tail disappears at
•________________
about 8 weeks
_
•________________
_
• Skinks are a type
of lizard. In some
species, legs have
become so small they
no longer
_______
• function
______ in walking.
Why would an organism possess organs with
___
little
or no function
________________?
One explanation:
code is present to make the organ, but
The gene
________
function
has been lost through ______________.
change over time
_________________
If the organ is not vital to survival, then
natural selection would not cause its elimination.
http://www.medicalgeo.com/images/appendix.gif
5. Similarities
_____________________
in Embryology
________
Embryos of many animals with
backbones are very similar.
Image from:
http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml
It is clear that the same groups of
undifferentiated
_____________ cells develop in the
same order to produce the same
tissues and organs of all vertebrates,
suggesting that they allevolved
_______
from
common
a _______________.
ancestor
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
Similarities in DNA
6. _______________
Similarities
DNA and
in ____
PROTEIN
________
sequences
suggest
relatedness
Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing©20
Human- 46 chromosomes
Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes
karyotypes suggest an
Similar _________
evolutionary
relationship
___________________.
Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png
Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.
BANDING
PATTERN MATCHES
1. ________________________
If you take the two smaller
chromosomes apes have that
we don’t, and place them
banding
end to end, the ______
_______________
pattern
is identical to the
we
#2 human chromosome __
have
that they don’t
________________.
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
TELOMERES
IN MIDDLE
2. ____________________
Chromosomes have special sequences
called telomeres
_______ at their ends to
protect the strands during
replication.
http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html
2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE
Telomere sequences are
the ends and
found at
__________
ALSO
IN THE MIDDLE
_____________________
of human chromosome #2
suggesting it was made by
fusing
_____ two other
chromosomes together.
→
→
→
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
EXTRA
CENTROMERE
3. _________________
Chromosome #2 has a
INACTIVE
second __________
CENTROMERE region
_____________
→
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
•
http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg
http://www.fx.clemson.edu/~ablank/126436919.Broccoli.jpg
http://www.butterball.com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving1.jp
THINK ABOUT IT
•What do oranges, broccoli and
•Butterball turkeys have to do
•with EVOLUTION?
•(Answers to come in this slide show!)
Did you ever wonder why dogs and
cats don’t need to eatfresh
________,
fruit
YOU
but DO
_______?
http://www.naturescornermagazine.com/NaturesBlog/images/dog%20care%20in%20summer.jpg
http://www.alpo.com/where.aspx
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most
mammals can make their own
VITAMIN C but humans need to eat
_________,
fresh fruit or they end up with
________.
SCURVY
http://www.med.uc.edu/departme/cellbiol/Image7.gif
http://www.rachelleb.com/images/2005_02_22/scurvy.jpg
Human DNA contains the gene that
codes for the enzyme to make
vitamin C, but it is
NONFUNCTIONAL
________________.
Guess what other group of organisms
lack the ability to make their own
PRIMATES…
Vitamin C?
which includes
chimpanzees, orangutans,
gorillas, and other apes.
http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg
Humans have many other
nonfunctional vestigial genes called
________________.
PSEUDOGENES
EX: Humans have more than 99
different odor receptor genes, but
more than 70% of them
nonfunctional
are
___________.
http://www.animationplayhouse.com/new/dogs2.html
http://unraveling.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/nose_1.jpg
WHY DOES EVOLUTION MATTER NOW?
Can see Natural selection happen
7.____________________________
EX: Peppered Moths
Typica
Carbonaria
There is a natural
variation in
populations of
peppered moths.
Typica form - lighter
________________
Carbonaria form - darke
_________________
__
http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg
http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif
The light
___________
colored form was the predominant
form in England
prior to the Industrial Revolution
_____________________________.
darker
Around the middle of the 19th century the
______ form began to appear. It was first
reported dark
in 1848. By 1895 98% of the moths
in Manchester were the ____ variety.
In recent years, the burning of
cleaner fuels and Clean Air
regulations has reduced the
lighter
pollution there and the
______ colored moths
have increased in numbers.
http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg
7.____________________________
Can see Natural selection happen
EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that
produce new organisms and new
__________.
diseases
Bird flu
_______
HIV
___
http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif
Antibiotic-resistant
tuberculosis
__________________________
http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg
Should the Use of Antibiotics
Be Restricted?
Read the Issues in Biology article on
p. 403 in your text. Then watch the
video Why Does Evolution Matter Now
and discuss the question: Should the
use of antibiotics be restricted?
PBS EVOLUTION VIDEO CLIPS
•Isn’t Evolution Just a Theory?
•
QuickTime
•Who was Charles Darwin?
•
QuickTime
•How Do we Know Evolution Happens?
• QuickTime
•How Does Evolution Really Work?
•
QuickTime |
•Why Does Evolution Matter Now?
•
QuickTime
•Why is Evolution Controversial Anyway?
•
QuickTime