Transcript Cells and Tissues PPT

ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 3
Cells and
Tissues
The cell is the
building block of
all human things
Smallest unit
capable of life by
itself
Cell
Made of primarily 4 elements
C arbon
H ydrogen
O xygen
N itrogen
Includes many
other
elements
important for
functions
Cells
Cells are
about 60%
water and are
bathed in
interstitial
fluid
Cells
The generalized cell is
used to describe typical
cell features.
In general all cells
have 3 main parts
Cells
3 main parts:
•Nucleus
•Cytoplasm
•Plasma membrane
Nucleus
The Control
Center
Genes located
here
Genes contain
coded information
that tells how protein
molecules will be
made.
Nucleus
DNA has the
instructions
for building
the body
Nucleus
Has 3 structures:
Nuclear membrane
Selective and permeable
Nucleolus Site where ribosomes are assembled
Ribosomes are sites for protein
synthesis
Chromatin
When the cell is not dividing DNA is combined
with protein to form chromatin.
When dividing the chromatin forms chromosomes
Nucleus
Chromatin
When the cell is not
dividing DNA is combined
with protein to form
chromatin.
When the cell is
dividing the chromatin
forms chromosomes
Plasma Membrane
Has 2 layers of lipids with
1 layer of protein.
The two fats are
phospholipids and
cholesterol.
Some of the proteins are
enzymes
Enzymes
are special
proteins
Plasma Membrane
Microvilli – tiny hair
like projections that
increase the
surface area for
absorption to occur
more quickly
Cytoplasm
Outside the nucleus
and inside the
plasma membrane.
Contains
organelles:
the “machinary” of
the cell.
Organelles
Means “little
organs”
We will look at 9
organelles
Organelles:
Ribosomes
Tiny round dark bodies
Made of protein and RNA
Site for protein synthesis
Some float free in
cytoplasm,others attach
to the cell membrane
Organelles:
Ribosomes
2. ribosomes
Organelles:
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Fluid filled canals
twisting through the
cytoplasm
Network of channels
to carry substances
through the cell
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Organelles:
Rough ER
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Studded with ribosomes.
Forms building material for
cellular membranes
Smooth ER
Does not synthesis protein.
Does synthesis and breakdown
cholesterol, fat metabolism and
detoxification of drugs
Organelles:
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
11. Smooth ER
3. Smooth ER
8. Rough ER
Organelles:
Golgi Apparatus
Stack of flattened
membraneous sacs.
A “traffic director” for
proteins
Modifies and packages
proteins.
Organelles:
Golgi Apparatus
4. Golgi
Organelles:
LYSOSOMES
Membaneous bags
containing powerful
digestive enzymes
Digest worn out or non
usuable cell structures
and foreign bodies
Especially abundant in
WBC
Contains enzymes
Organelles:
9. lysosome
LYSOSOMES
Organelles:
Peroxisomes
Membaneous sacs
containing enzymes that
detoxify harmful or
poisonous substances
Disarms dangerous free
radicals
Accumulated free radicals
can cause Cancer
Especially abundant in liver
and kidney cells
Organelles:
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse” of the cell
Sausage shaped but can change
shape continuously
Contain shelf like projections called
Cristae
Contain enzymes used to break down
food
As food is broken down, energy is
released
Released as heat or used to form ATP
Abundant in liver and muscle cells
Organelles:
10. mitochondria
Mitochondria
Organelles:
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures
throughout cytoplasm
Acts a cells bones and muscles
Includes :
•Intermediate filaments
•Microfilaments
•Microtubules
Gives cell shape and support
Organelles:
Cytoskeleton
Organelles:
Rod shaped
bodies close to
the nucleus
Important
during cell
division
Centrioles
Organelles:
Centrioles
1. centrioles
Organelles:
Projections to move
substances along
Flagella are
projections that are
much longer then
cilia.
Found in sperm cells
and are used to
propel the cell itself.
Cilia and Flagella
Organelles:
Centrioles
5. Microvilli
7. nucleus
6. nucleolus
Passive Transport
No
energy
required
from
cell.
1.Diffusion
2. Filtration
Passive Transport
Diffusion:
Movement from
a high
concentration
to a low
concentration.
Kinetic energy
(energy of motion)
Passive Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis is
diffusion of
water through
a selectively
permeable
membrane
Passive Transport
Osmotic
pressure:
tendency of a
solution to hold
water or pull
water into it.
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Passive Transport
Hypertonic
Cell will shrink.
Solution has more solutes
then inside cell.
More water inside cell
then outside cell so water
leaves cell and goes into
solution.
Cell shrinks.
Passive Transport
Isotonic
Cell will stay the same
Same solute and water
concentration as cell.
Cell stays the same.
Passive Transport
Hypotonic
Cell will swell
Solution has fewer
solutes.
Water rushes into
cell.
Cell swells.
Passive Transport
Remember:
Salt Sucks
Salt is a solute, when it is
concentrated inside or outside the
cell, it will draw the water in its
direction. This is also why you get
thirsty after eating something salty.
Passive Transport
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Passive Transport
Filtration:
Water and solutes are
forced through a
membrane by fluid or
hydrostatic pressure.
In the body the blood
exerts hydrostatic
pressure
Still Movement from a high
concentration to a low
concentration.
Active Transport
The cell uses
some of its ATP
to move
substances
across the cell
membrane
1. Solute Pumping
2. Bulk Transport
Active Transport
1. Solute Pumping
Or active transport.
Uses ATP to move
substances from a
low concentration
to a high
concentration
The cell keeps the
intracellular solute
concentration low by
pumping out ions
Active Transport
2. Bulk Transport
Also uses ATP to go
from a low
concentration to a high
concenration but is
used when the
substance cannot move
across the plasma (cell)
membrane
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Active Transport
Exocytosis
Moves substances out
of the cell.
Waste material are
packaged in a sac that
fuses to the membranes
and spills out of the cell
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Moves substances into
the cell.
Material are packaged
in a sac that fuses to
the membranes and
moves into the cell
Active Transport
When large particles such as
bacteria or dead body cells are
engulfed it is called:
Phagocytosis Cell eating (large particles)
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
Cell Division
Occurs to
produce
more cells
for growth or
repair
Mitosis
Results in the formation of
2 daughter cells with
exactly the same genes
as the mother nucleus
Cell Division
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Mitosis
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Meiosis
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Cell Division
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Page 69
Cell Division
Prophase
Chromosomes appear
DNA replication has
already occurred.
Each chromosome is
actually made of 2
strands
Cell Division
Metaphase
Chromosomes
cluster and
become aligned
@center of the
spindle
Cell Division
Anaphase
Chromosomes
begin to move
apart to opposite
ends of the cell.
Cells begin to split
Cell Division
Telophase
Prophase in reverse.
Chromosomes
become chromatin
again.
Cells have
completely split
Body Tissues
Groups of
cells with a
similar
function form
tissues
4 major
type of
tissues
Body Tissues
4 major
type of
tissues
Epithelium
Connective
Nervous
Muscle
Body Tissues
Epithelium
Protects
Lining, covering and glandular
tissues of the body
Skin protects against
bacteria
Lining of respiratory tract
sweeps debris away
Body Tissues - Epithelium
Absorb
Lines digestive organs and
intestines to absorb food
Filter
In kidneys
Secrete
Glands. Secrete perspiration,
oil, digestive enzymes,
mucous
Body Tissues - Epithelium
Generates easily.
Does not have their
own blood supply.
Simple and Stratified
Squamous
Cubodial
Columnar
Glandular
Body Tissues - Epithelium
Squamous
1.
Air sacs of lungs,
walls of capillaries,
esophagus, mouth,
outer part of skin
13.
Body Tissues - Epithelium
Cubodial
Glands and ducts,
salivary glands,
pancreas, walls of
kidneys
5.
9.
Body Tissues - Epithelium
Columnar
11.
Digestive tract:
mouth to anus,
mucous membranes
15.
Body Tissues - Epithelium
Glandular
Endocrine glands:
secrete hormones
into blood.
Exocrine glands:
sweat and oil
Body Tissues
Connective
Connects body parts
Most abundant of all tissue types
Most have their own blood supply
The exception is tendons and
ligaments
Protect, support and bind
together other body tissues
Body Tissues
Connective
Bone
Cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Dense
Loose
Areolar & Adipose
Blood
Body Tissues - Connective
Bone
Osseous
tissue
Protects and
supports
14.
Body Tissues - Connective
Cartilage
More
flexible then
bone
3.
Body Tissues - Connective
Cartilage – 3 types
hyaline
elastic
Most wide spread.
Larynx, ribs to
breastbone, ends of
bones
ears
fibrocartilage
Disc btw vertebrae
Body Tissues - Connective
Dense
Form strong
rope like
structures like:
tendons
Connects muscle to muscle
and muscle to bone
ligaments
Connects bone to bone
Body Tissues - Connective
Dense
10.
Body Tissues - Connective
Loose
Softer
2 types:
Aerolar
Adipose
Body Tissues - Connective
Loose
Softer
Aerolar
Cushions and
protects. Acts as a
glue to hold internal
organs in place
17.
Body Tissues - Connective
Loose
Softer
Adipose
Also called FAT. Forms
the subcutaneous tissue
beneath the skin
Insulates and protects
Stores fat for fuel when
needed
8.
Body Tissues - Connective
Blood
Vascular
tissue
4.
Body Tissues
Muscle
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Contracts or shortens to
produce movement
Body Tissues - Muscle
Skeletal
Attached to
the skeleton
Voluntary
You control movements
Striated
Stripes for strength
2.
Body Tissues - Muscle
Cardiac
Found only in
the heart
Involuntary
Striated
not controlled by you
Stripes for strength
16.
Body Tissues - Muscle
Smooth
Or visceral
muscle tissue
Involuntary
nonstriated
not controlled by you
No stripes, extra
strength not needed
18.
12.
Body Tissues
Nervous
Made of cells called
neurons
Has the
characteristic of:
Irritability
senses stimuli
conductivity Reacts to stimuli
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Tissue Repair
Regeneration
Replacement
of destroyed
tissue by the
same kind of
cells
Tissue Repair
Fibrosis repair with
dense
connective
tissue
Tissue Repair
Epithelial
tissue,
fibrous
connective
and bone
usually
repairs well.
Tissue Repair
Skeletal muscle
repair poorly
Cardiac and nervous
tissue within the
brain and spinal cord
are replaced only by
scar tissue
Tissue Repair
Neoplasm
Abnormal mass
of proliferating
cells.
Can be benign
or malignant
Tissue Repair
hyperplasia
Enlarged
because of
an irritant
or
stimulus.
benign
Tissue Repair
atrophy
Without development
Decrease in size.
Occurs when
decrease in stimulus.
Muscles with no
stimulus atrophy
Meiosis
Mitosis
Review
The smallest unit capable of life by
itself is the _______________?
cell
Review
What two substances are found in the
plasma membrane?
protein and lipids
Review
Which types of cells are most likely
to have microvilli?
those specializing in
absorption
Review
Which two organelles
consume lots of oxygen?
Perioxisomes and
mitochondria
Review
What is the coded information
that dictates the structure of a
protein molecule?
gene
Review
Groups of cells make?
tissues
Review
Groups of tissues make?
organs
Review
Groups of tissues make?
organs
Review
organelles
Powerhouse of the cell?
mitochondria
Synthesizes steroid hormones?
Smooth ER
Review organelles
Site of ribosome synthesis?
nucleolus
Assembles and packages
materials to be secreted from the
cell?
Golgi apparatus
Review
tissues
Smooth cardiac and skeletal?
muscle
Lines body cavities, covers
surfaces?
epithelium
Review
tissues
Cartilage, adipose, areolar?
connective
Cubodial, columnar, squamous?
epithelium
Review
tissues
Another name for adipose tissue?
fat
Which tissue is UNABLE to repair
after injury?
Nervous – in the brain and spinal cord
Review
A RBC in a hypertonic solution?
Will shrink
A RBC in a hypotonic solution?
swells