Transcript Body Structure and Parts of a Cell

7:1 Basic Structure of the Human
Body
 The normal function of the human body is
compared to an organized machine
 The machine malfunctions, disease occurs.
 Anatomy: study of form and structure.
 Physiology: study of why and how living
organisms work.
 Pathophysiology: study of how disease occurs
and body’s response
 Protoplasm – Makes up all living things.
Cells
 Microscopic Structures
 Carry on all functions of life.
Functions of Cells
 Take in food and oxygen
 Produce heat and energy
 Move and adapt to environment
 Eliminate wastes
 Perform special functions
 Reproduce to create identical cells
Basic Parts of Cells
 Cell membrane – outer protective covering
of cell
 Semipermeable
 Cytoplasm – semifluid inside cell where all
chemical reactions occur
 Organelles – located in the cytoplasm and
help cell to function
Organelles
 Nucleus – “brain” of cell, controls many cell
activities, important in cell reproduction.
 Nucleolus – Located in nucleus. Important in cell
reproduction. Manufactures ribosomes which aid
in synthesis (production) of protein
 Chromatin – Located in nucleus, made of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein.
Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
during cell reproduction. Chromosomes carry
genes which carry inherited characteristics.
Organelles cont.
Organelles, cont.
 Centrosome – located in cytoplasm and near the
nucleus. Contains two centrioles important in cell
reproduction.
 Mitochondria – located throughout cytoplasm,
“furnace” or “Power House” of the cell. Produces
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is the major
energy source of the cell.
 Golgi Apparatus – stack of membrane layers
located in the cytoplasm. Produces, stores, and
packages secretions for discharge from cell.
Organelles of a cell, cont.
 Endoplasmic Reticulum – located in cytoplasm.
Allows for transport of materials in and out of the
nucleus. Aids in synthesis and storage of proteins.
 Lysosomes – Found throughout cytoplasm.
Contains digestive enzymes that digest and destroy
old cells, bacteria and foreign materials.
 Pinocytic Vesicles – Pocket-like folds in cell
membrane. Allow large molecules such as protein
and fat to enter cell then folds closed to form
vacuoles or bubbles in cytoplasm
Cell Reproduction
 Mitosis – Reproduce by dividing
into two identical cells, asexual
reproduction.
 Meiosis – Reproduction of sex cells
(gametes- eggs & sperm).
Produces ovum and sperm.
Mitosis and Meiosis
Tissues
 Cells contain same basic parts but vary in shape,
size, and special function.
 Cells of same type join together for common
purpose to form tissue.
 Tissue Fluid –water with various dissolved
substances which makes up 60% - 99% of tissue
 Dehydration – Insufficient amount of tissue fluid
 Edema – Excess amount of tissue fluid; results in
swelling of tissue
Types of Tissue
 Epithelial – Covers surface of body, main tissue in
skin, also forms lining of intestines, respiratory, and
urinary tracts; forms body glands
Types of Tissue, Connective
 Connective – Supportive
fabric of organs and other
body parts
 Types of Connective Tissue
 Soft - adipose (fatty) tissue


stores fat as food reserve
which is source of energy
insulates body and acts as
padding
Types of Tissue, Connective
 Hard
 Cartilage – tough, elastic
material found between bones
of spine and at end of long
bones. Acts as shock absorber.
Also found in nose, ears, and
larynx
 Bone – Forms rigid structure
of human body. Has calcium
salts, nerves, and blood
vessels.
Cartilage
Bone
Types of Tissue, Connective
 Liquid
 Blood – carries nutrients
and oxygen to cells and
carries metabolic waste
away from cells.
 Lymph – transports
tissue fluid, proteins, fats
and other material from
tissues to circulatory
system.
Types of Tissue
 Nerve – made up of
neurons which
transmit messages
throughout body;
composes nerves,
brain, and spinal
cord
Types of Tissue, Muscle
 Muscle – produces power and movement by
contraction of muscle fibers
 Types of Muscle Tissue
 Skeletal – attaches to bones and provides
for movement of body
 Cardiac – causes heart to beat
 Visceral (smooth) – present in walls of
organs such as stomach, intestine, and
blood vessels
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth/Visceral Muscle
Organs and Systems
 Organ – two or more
tissues joined together
to perform specific
function
 System – organs and
other body parts joined
together to perform a
particular function
Summary
Cells combine to form tissues.
Tissues combine to form organs.
Organs and other body parts
combine to form systems.