Transcript 6.1 Introduction to Basic Structure of the Human Body

6.1 Introduction to Basic
Structure of the Human Body
 The human body often
 So we begin by
described as an
efficient, organized
machine.
 When functions
incorrectly disease
occurs
 To know what is
abnormal, we start
with what is normal
studying the normal
Anatomy: the
structure and form of
an organism and the
 Physiology: the study
of the processes of
living organisms
6.1 Introduction
 Pathophysiology: the
study of how disease
occurs and the
responses of living
organisms to disease
processes.
 Cells: Microscopic
structures that perform
all the functions of life
 The human body
contains trillions of
cells
 They vary in shape,
size, and function
Intro
 Most cells have these
 Nucleus – mass in the
basic parts:
 Cell Membrane –
outer protective
covering
 Cytoplasm – semifluid inside the cell
Organelles –
structures help cell to
function located in
cytoplasm
cytoplasm, the “brain”
 Nucleolus – located inside
the nucleus, important for
cell reproduction
 Chromatin – Located in
the nucleus, made of DNA
 Centrosome – Located in
the cytoplasm near
nucleus, contains 2
centrioles
Intro & Cells
 Mitochondria – rod-
 Lysosomes – oval or
shaped organelles
round bodies found
located throughout the
throughout the
cytoplasm
cytoplasm
 Golgi apparatus –
 Pinocytic Vesicles –
stack of membrane
Pocket like folds in the
layers in the cytoplasm
cell membrane
 Endoplasmic
Reticulum – Fine
network of tubular
structures
Cell Reproduction
 Mitosis – Form of
asexual reproduction,
the process of a cell
dividing into two
identical cells
 Meiosis – This process
uses two separate cell
divisions to produce
four new cells ( Sex
cells divide this way)
 Scientists are
attempting to
determine if stem cells
can be transplanted
into the body and
used to cure diseases
such as diabetes
mellitus, Parkinson's
Heart disease ,
osteoporosis and
arthritis
Tissue
 Tissue – Cells of same
type join together for a
common purpose
 Tissue Fluid - is 60 – 90
% H2O
 Dehydration –
Insufficient amount of
tissue fluid
 Edema – Excess amount
of tissue fluid (Swelling of
Tissues)
 Four main groups of





Tissues:
Epithelial Tissue –
Covers the surface of the
body (Main tissue of the
skin)
Connective Tissue –
Supporting fabric of
organs and other body
parts
Two main types:
Soft Connective ex.
Adipose (fatty tissue)
Fibrous ex. Ligaments and
Tissues Continued
 Connective Continued
 3 Main types of Muscle
 Hard connective tissue –
Tissue:
 Skeletal – attach to bones
for movement
 Cardiac – Causes the
heart to beat
 Visceral (Smooth) –
Present in walls of
respiratory, digestive,
urinary tract, and blood
vessels.
cartilage and bone
 Nerve Tissue – Made up
of special cells called
neurons (Nerves, Brain,
and Spinal Cord)
 Muscle Tissue – Produces
power and movement by
contraction of muscle
fibers.
Organs and Systems
 Organ – 2 or more
 There 12 basic
tissues joined together
for a specific function
 System – Organs and
other body parts
joined together to
perform a particular
function
systems of the body:
 Integumentary – Skin
 Skeletal – Bones
 Muscular – Muscles
 Circulatory – Heart
 Lymphatic – Lymph
 Nervous – Brain,
Nerves, Spinal Cord
Systems Continued:
 Special Senses –Eyes,





Ears, Taste, Smell , Sense
of Balance
Respiratory – Lungs
Digestive – Stomach,
Intestines
Urinary(Excretory) –
Kidneys
Endocrine – Glands
Reproductive – Sex
Organs
 Summary: Cells
combine to form
tissues, tissues
combine to form
organs, organs and
other body parts
combing to form
systems.