Transcript Body Cells
Organization of the Body (Cells) Chapter Three Organization of the Body • In Chapter 2: Atoms Elements Molecules Compounds • In the Body: We create higher level of organization called hierarchies – series of ordered groupings within a system CellTissueOrganBody SystemOrganism CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM Cells • The basic unit of structure and function of all living things • First discovered by Robert Hook in the 1600s under a crude microscope • Hook looked at cork and reminded him of monk’s roomCELL. • Parts are called Organelles CELL ORGANELLES Cell Membrane • aka: plasma membrane • Membrane separates the cell from its external environment and other cells • Regulates the passage or transport of certain molecules into and out of the cell. Nucleus • Most important organelle • Controls the activities of the cell and facilitates cell division • Contains chromosomes which contain the DNA Nuclear Membrane • Contains pores which allow materials to pass through from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and vice versa Cytoplasm • Sticky, Semifluid material found between the nucleus and cell membrane. • Houses the cells organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum • Provides passages thru which substances transport in cytoplasm • 2 types: Rough ER & Smooth ER • Rough ER has ribosomes studding membrane – Ribosomes aid in protein synthesis – Part is continuous with Nuclear membrane • Smooth ER aids in cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism, & detox of drugs – Does NOT have ribosomes connected to it Centromeres & Centrioles • Centrioles: 2 cylindrical organelles found near the nucleus • Centromeres: houses the centrioles • Essential in cell division Mitochondria • Often referred to as the “powerhouse of the cell” • Supplies the energy for the cell • Energy is in the form of ATP Golgi Apparatus • Resembles a stack of pancakes • Helps to manufacture carbs and packages secretions that are to be discharged from the cell Lysosomes • Spherical bodies in the cytoplasm • Serves as a center for cellular digestion • Helps to digest old, worn out cells, bacteria, and foreign matter Cytoskeleton • Inner framework of the cell • Contains microtubles and filaments – Microtubles aid in movement of substances thru cytoplasm – Filaments provide support of cell Movement of Materials Across Cell Membranes • Physical processes that control passage of materials across cell membranes: • Diffusion • Osmosis • Filtration • Active transport • Phagocytosis • pinocytosis Examples of Passive Transport • Diffusion • Osmosis • Filtration These processes do not require energy Active Processes Requiring Energy Source Active Transport Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Diffusion • A physical process whereby molecules of gases, liquids, or solid particles spread or scatter themselves through a medium. Blood Cell Solutes eventually distribute themselves evenly, equilibrium Osmosis The diffusion of water or any other solvent molecule through a selective permeable membrane. The solution flows across the SPM from areas of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration In my experience, administration of hypertonic saline (23.4%) during dialysis destroyed RBC’s and turned the blood in the tubing pink. What type of IVF would be given to a patient who is dehydrated?????