Transcript diagrams - PAMS-Doyle

Earth Science
Diagram Review
Solar System Astronomy
MERCURY
Sun - The Sun is a star at the center of our Solar System.
Powered by FUSION. ~5BY old. Middle aged, average star.
TERRESTRIAL (ROCKY) Worlds:
Mercury - Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun. Looks like
Earth’s moon.
SUN
EARTH
JUPITER
SATURN
MARS
PLUTO
Venus - Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is the
hottest planet. Runaway greenhouse due to CO2 (carbon
Dioxide) Atmosphere.
Earth - Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the planet we
live on. ONLY world with LIFE.
Mars - Mars is a red planet and the fourth planet from the Sun.
Very thin atmosphere. Being probed for possible manned
landings this century.
The GAS GIANTS:
Jupiter - Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun. This gas giant is the largest planet.
Most moons. Studied by GALILEO probe in ’90’s. Hit by comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
in 1994. Moon Europa is an ice covered ocean.
Moon Ganymede bigger than Mercury.
MARS
NEPTUNE
URANUS
VENUS
Saturn - Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun. This gas giant has large rings. Currently
being studied by CASSINI probe. Moon TITAN only moon with an atmosphere (nitrogen like earth – but very cold).
Uranus - Uranus is a gas giant and is the seventh planet from the Sun. Orbits with axis tilted 90 degrees.
Neptune - Neptune is a gas giant and is usually the eighth planet from the Sun. Fastest winds.
Last planet:
Pluto - Pluto is a rocky planet that is usually the farthest planet from the Sun. It is the smallest planet. May be a comet..
Odds ‘n Ends
Asteroid belt – loose rocks between Mars and Jupiter about the mass of a moon.
Comets– dirty snowballs that occasionally come near the sun. Tails form in close and are pushed away by solar wind.
Kuiper Belt – cloud of comets just beyond Neptune. Oort Cloud – outer limit of solar system (made up of comets)…
Stellar Life Cycle Astronomy
BRITE
Red Giant
ALL STARS:
• Start in a NEBULA (remains of an exploded star)
• GRAVITY pulls material together
• Once large enough, FUSION begins – turns hydrogen
to helium -- the star is born
• Enters MAIN SEQUENCE
• Big/hot stars have short lives (Blue/Red Giants)
• medium/cooler stars live longer (Sun is an
average star –will live about 10 BY)
• smallest stars (Red Dwarves) live longest
• Small stars will eventually just burn out-a brown dwarf
NEBULA
• Medium Stars: Once hydrogen all burned up star will
EXPAND to a red giant (destroying any planets
present…) and start FUSION of Helium.
• Eventually blow off excess gasses to create a
planetary nebula. The star itself will shrink to a
WHITE DWARF
• Large Stars: Expand to Red Supergiants.
• Large mass (5-10 suns) explode as
SUPERNOVA and collapse into NEUTRON
STARS.
• Very large mass (10++ suns) explode as
SUPERNOVA and collapse into BLACk HOLES
FUSION
DIM
White
Dwarf
TEMP
Hertzsprung Russel (HR)Diagram
GALAXIES:
Billions of stars orbiting a central point (usually a black hole). Stars are in random clumps.
3 types: Spiral Galaxies (Like ours – the Milky Way)
Elliptical Galaxies – ‘ball of stars’
Irregular Galaxies – loose clumps.
UNIVERSE:
Started about 12-15 BY ago in the BIG BANG. Expanding ever since. Galaxies arranged in irregular clumps.
GRAVITY DRIVES EVERYTHING!
LOWER INTENSITY
SOLAR ENERGY.
Some slant at surface.
MOST INTENSE or
CONCENTRATED
SOLAR ENERGY. Not slanted.
Isobars Lines of EQUAL pressure
Closer together = stronger winds
LEAST INTENSE or
CONCENTRATED
SOLAR ENERGY. Maximum slant.
Angle sunlight strikes the earth determines the amount of heat received per
square foot. Called angle of incidence. The lower the angle, the less ‘warmth’
will be felt on the surface.
STRONGER
WINDS
WEAKER
WINDS
Types of Lifting - clouds form by LIFTING of moist air in cooler, lower pressure air - causing clouds to form when the temperature reaches DEWPOINT
OROGRAPHIC - prevailing
winds are lifted by mountain
ranges. Rains on UPWIND side,
very dry on downwind side (rain
shadow effect).
Californias Sierra nevada
mountains.
This is why Nevada is a desert.
CONVERGENCE - Low
pressure area draws air in and
up.
CONVECTION Warm Air rising - how
thunderstorms are formed..
Types of Precipitation
SNOW
FRONTAL - Cold or Warm fronts
cause warm air to rise over cooler air creating clouds,
FREEZING RAIN FREEZES ON CONTACT
SLEET - FREEZES IN AIR
RAIN
Weather Fronts
Occluded front
Smoke
Haze
Dust
Blowing Snow
Lightning
Funnel Cloud
Light Fog
Heavy Fog
Pressure Rules: memorize
1) Last digit always the
2) if 1st digit <=5 then
EX: 138 = 1013.8 mb
3) if 1st digit > 5 then
EX: 699 = 969.9 mb
how to calculate...
decimal
put 10 in front
put 9 in front
(F)
Rising
Steady
Rain Shower
(F)
Thunderstorm
Freezing Drizzle
Freezing Rain
Sleet
Weather map front symbols - memorize….
WARM FRONT
COLD FRONT
STATIONARY FRONT
OCCLUDED FRONT
Cloud Cover
be able to calculate
Snow Shower
Falling
W I N D S
(don’t need to memorize these…)
current weather symbols
Reading Weather Station Models -
Calculating Relative Humidity
1) You must use a psychrometer to calculate the Wet bulb and
Dry bulb temperatures.
2) The DRY BULB TEMPERATURE will be listed down the left
side of the table.
If it falls between two listed numbers, then interpolate
(estimate).:
EX: Dry Bulb is 11 degrees - then the Dry-Wet Humidities
will be:
88.5, 77, 66, 55.5, 45.5, and so on…
3) SUBTRACT the WET BULB TEMPERATURE from the DRY
BULB TEMPERATURE. The result will be found along the top row
of the table.
4) Now take the DRY BULB TEMP and DIFFERENCE TEMP where the row and column cross, that will be the Percent Relative
Humidity.
5) EXAMPLE:
Dry Bulb Temp = Td = 30º C
Wet Bulb Temp = Tw = 25º C
Td - Tw = 5º C
Relative Humidity = 67%
6) Given any TWO elements, you can easily calculate the
third element.
T db
(°C)
Dry Bulb - Wet Bulb Temperatures (°C)
1
2
3
4
5
6
2 84 68 52 37 22
8
4 85 70 56 42 29 26
7
8
9 10 12 14 16 18 20
3
6 86 73 60 47 34 22 11
8 87 75 63 51 39 28 18
7
10 88 76 65 54 44 33 23 14
4
12 89 78 67 57 47 38 29 20 11
3
14 89 79 69 60 51 42 33 25 17
9
15 90 80 71 62 54 45 37 29 22 14
18 91 81 73 64 56 48 41 33 26 19
6
20 91 82 74 66 58 51 44 37 30 24 11
22 91 83 75 68 60 53 46 40 34 27 16
5
24 92 84 76 69 62 55 49 43 37 31 20
9
26 92 85 77 70 64 57 51 45 39 34 23 14
4
28 92 85 78 72 65 59 53 47 42 37 26 17
8
30 93 86 79 73 67 61 55 49 44 39 29 20 12
4
32 93 86 80 74 68 62 56 51 46 41 32 23 15
8
1
34 93 87 81 75 69 63 58 53 48 43 34 26 18 11
5
36 93 87 81 75 70 64 59 54 50 45 36 28 21 14
8
38 94 88 82 76 71 65 60 56 51 47 38 31 23 17 11
40 94 88 82 77 72 66 62 57 52 48 40 33 26 19 13
42 94 88 83 77 72 67 63 58 54 50 42 34 28 21 16
44 94 89 82 78 73 68 64 59 55 51 43 36 29 23 18
Td = 28º C
RH = 85%
Tw = ? >>>
Td - Tw = 2º C
so
Tw = 26º C
HEIGHT
THE MOON has the greatest effect on tides. This is because the moon is so
much closer than the sun to the Earth. The height of the high tides is related to
Motion pattern
in deep water
the phases of the moon as shown here.
QTR MOON
Tide
Model
SHALLOW
WATER WAVE
Lowest
FULL MOON
NEW MOON
2nd
highest
Wave still deepwater to
here
Lowest
QTR MOON
Waves
highest
Deep water waves are not moving water, only energy. Once
a wave reaches shallow water and starts to ‘feel’ the bottom (at
1/2 its wavelength does it begin to move water. Surfers sit on
their boards in deeper water and just bob up and down, in order
to ride a wave they have to paddle into shallow water.
Deep water and shallow water depend on the wave length.
Ocean Currents
Currents are driven
by the prevailing winds and the positions of the
continents.
Currents carry heat away from the equator
towards the poles.
Warm currents tend to make the winters less
severe along the shorelines they pass near.
Cold currents tend to make the summers cooler
along the shorelines they pass near..
In general, a city on a seacoast will be cooler in
summer and warmer in the winter than another
city at the same LATITUDE, but located farther
inland.
WARM Currents flow AWAY from the equator
.
COLD Currents flow TOWARDS the equator.
The Gulf Stream is the principle current
affecting the East Coast of the United States and
Northern Europe.
SEA FLOOR FEATURES

A) continental Shelf - extension of coastal land into the
ocean. US East coast has very wide shelf. Still part of
continent, so underlain with granite.
•
B) continental Slope - true edge of continent - granite
basement rock ends and basaltic ocean rock begins. Very
steep dropoff.
•
C) Continental Rise - debris broken off from continental
shelf/slope and dropped on deep ocean floor.
•
D) Abyssal Plains - wide, flat, featureless deep ocean
areas covered with deep sediment deposits. The TITANIC
lies on one of these.
•
E) Seamounts - Underwater mountains. Volcanic in
origin steeper than on land since water is denser that air,
rock piles can be steeper. A seamount that breaks the
surface is called an island.
I
H
ATLANTIC OCEAN BASIN
•
F) Mid Ocean Ridge - Starting point of Tectonic Plates. The centerline of the ridge
is volcanically active and is the source of seafloor material that
continues to widen
the Atlantic Ocean. The Ridge has many Transform faults along it to relieve the strain of
the uneven spreading. These transform faults give the mid ocean ridge system (the
longest mountain range on earth - over 46,000 miles!) it ‘baseball seam’ appearance.
PACIFIC OCEAN BASIN
G
I
0m
5000m

G) Mid Pacific Rise - not exactly mid anything! More along the eastern edge. Same as the Mid Atlantic Ridge (connected so part of same ‘mountain range’.

H) seamounts/guyots - Underwater mountains. Guyots are seamounts that once were islands, but have been eroded and subsided (sunk)
beneath the ocean. There are some in the Atlantic, but since the Pacific is much older, there are lots more. (see island evolution below).

I) Trenches - deepest points in the ocean. (Marianas Trench - Western Pacific is ~12,000 meters deep). Mark end of Plate Boundaries SUBDUCTION ZONES. The western Pacific Trench (shown above) is where the Pacific Plate dives under the Asian Plate. On the Eastern edge
(California coast) there is another (smaller) trench. This trench is partially blocked by the part of California moving north and is why there are
so many earthquakes there.
10000m
A igneous
Forms from molten material - intrusive or extrusive
B sediments
Fragments of all types of rock.
C sedimentary
D metamorphic
Cemented together Fragments of all types of
rock.
Rock that has been softened and changed by
heat and pressure but NOT MELTED.
Groundwater
Diagram
Saturated - full of water
Permeable - water can pass through or stay
inside it.
Impermeable - waterproof. Water cannot
pass through it.Impervious
Cone of depression is a dry zone that forms
when water is drawn from a well.
Hydrologic
or
Water
Cycle
Diagram
precipitation
condensation
transpiration
evaporation
groundwater
Karst Topography
Ridge and Valley Province of VA
Caves, sinkholes, disappearing
streams.
Area made of limestone.
Acids in rain and soil cause rock to
chemically weather and form caves.
Stream Development
YOUTH - straight, fast flow. Rapids,
V shaped valleys, waterfalls.
MOSTLY EROSIONAL
MATURE - curves (meanders), slower flow.
wide valleys, narrow flood plains.
50/50 EROSIONAL & DEPOSITIONAL
Porosity and Permeability -
OLD - large meanders, slowest flowing.
wide valleys & flood plains. Oxbow lakes
MOSTLY DEPOSITIONAL
the ability of water to pass through a solid substance
Porous material is needed
to create aquifers to store
water.
Materials that prevent water
from passing through are
called non-porous or
impermeable.
Inside the Earth
S Wave
Shadow
Zone - since
the
earthquake
secondary
waves cannot
travel though
liquids -this was
the first proof
outer core was
liquid...
Types of Plate Boundaries
Divergent - pulling apart mid ocean ridges
(26,000 miles along ocean floor)
Convergent - colliding Continent to Continent
(India & Asia at Himalayas)
Convergent - colliding Oceanic to Continent
(Pacific Northwest- Cascades)
Oceanic to Oceanic
(Japan)
Trenches and Subduction Zones
Transform
- sliding past each other any combination possible
(San Andreas Fault in Calif)
Ocean-Ocean Convergence
Mid Ocean Divergence
Ocean-Continent Convergence
Cont-Cont Convergence
Earthquakes and Faulting
Terms associated with Earthquakes:
A. Surface fault line
A
B. Epicenter
C. Focus
B
A
C
HANGING
WALL
FOOT
WALL
A-C-D Plane
the movement
fault
B
C
D
D
Earthquake energy waves:
A. Surface wave - most destructive. Slowest wave. Radiates from
the epicenter. Combination of side to side and up and down motion.
B. Shear wave (S Wave) - 2nd fastest. Only travels through solids.
C. Pressure Wave (P Wave) - Fastest wave. Travels through solids, liquids,
and gasses.
D. Normal or non-earthquake state.
A. UNFAULTED landscape -no cracks no movement, no pressures.
B. A NORMAL FAULT - land under TENSION (being pulled apart)
block slides down the footwall
the ‘normal’ thing to do is slide down…
C. A STRIKE SLIP FAULT - land under SHEAR STRESS
(pulled horizontally in opposite directions)
associated with TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
California’s San Andreas Fault is a classic example
D. A REVERSE FAULT - land under COMPRESSION (being squeezed)
block pushed up the footwall
Virginia rock and mineral resources
including but not limited to coal, gravel,
limestone, and titanium. Crushed stone
is Virginia biggest mineral resource.
The Appalachians are the oldest
mountain range in North America, they
are FOLDED MOUNTAINS, formed
when Africa and North America Collided
about 250 MYA.
weathering
&
erosion
*
The Chesapeake Bay Estuary is a
resource with high biological activity
and economic returns.
It is the largest estuary in the world
and in one of the most densely
populated areas of the world.
It is in great danger.
* *
Coastal Plains- Compacted Sediments, too young for rocks
Ridge & Valley – Folded Layers. Karst (Caves)
Appalachian Plateau – Flat eroded layers
Sediments are everywhereRivers carry them to the ATLANTIC
The
Rock
Cycle
in
Virginia
*
Heat
&
pressure
*
Piedmont- Gneiss, the ‘roots’
of the original Appalachians.
Blue Ridge – Some Basalt
cooling
NO
VOLCANOES!
melting





Virginia’s
Physiographic
Provinces
The five physiographic provinces of Virginia are Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge,
and Appalachian Plateau.
• The Coastal Plain is a flat area underlain by young, unconsolidated sediments. These layers of sediment were
produced by erosion of the Appalachian Mountains and then deposited on the Coastal Plain.
• The Piedmont is an area of rolling hills underlain by mostly ancient igneous and metamorphic rocks. The
igneous rocks are the roots of volcanoes formed during an ancient episode of subduction that occurred before the
formation of the Appalachian Mountains.
• The Blue Ridge is a high ridge separating the Piedmont from the Valley and Ridge Province. The billion-year-old
igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Blue Ridge are the oldest in the state. Some metamorphism of these rocks
occurred during the formation of the Appalachian Mountains.
• The Valley and Ridge province is an area with long parallel ridges and valleys underlain by ancient folded and
faulted sedimentary rocks. The folding and faulting of the sedimentary rocks occurred during a collision between
Africa and North America. The collision, which occurred in the late Paleozoic era, produced the Appalachian
Mountains.
• The Appalachian Plateau has rugged, irregular topography and is underlain by ancient, flat-lying sedimentary rocks.
The area is actually a series of plateaus separated by faults. Most of Virginia.s coal resources are found in the
plateau province.
Reminders….
•
•
•
•
•
•
Don’t panic
Read every question from start to finish
If in doubt, slash the trash
Mark the questions you wish to return to
Work slowly and carefully
No one leaves until everyone is done so
take your time and be careful.